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    Angiosperm Phylogeny Group - APG IV 2016

    An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification of the orders and families of angiosperms is presented. Several new orders are recognized: Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusiales and Vahliales. This brings the total number of orders and families recognized in the APG system to 64 and 416, respectively. We propose two additional informal major clades, superrosids and superasterids, that each comprise the additional orders that are included in the larger clades dominated by the rosids and asterids. Families  that  made  up potentially monofamilial orders, Dasypogonaceae and Sabiaceae, are instead referred to Arecales and Proteales, respectively. Two parasitic families formerly of uncertain positions are now placed:  Cynomoriaceae  in Saxifragales and Apodanthaceae  in Cucurbitales. Although there is evidence  that some families recognized in APG III are not monophyletic, we make no changes in Dioscoreales and Santalales relative to APG III and leave some genera in Lamiales unplaced (e.g. Peltanthera). These changes in familial circumscription and recognition have all resulted from new results published since APG III, except for some changes simply due to nomenclatural issues, which include substituting Asphodelaceae for Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asparagales) and Francoaceae for Melianthaceae (Geraniales); however, in Francoaceae we also include Bersamaceae, Ledocarpaceae, Rhynchothecaceae and Vivianiaceae. Other changes to family limits are not drastic or numerous and are mostly focused on some members of the lamiids, especially the former Icacinaceae that have long been problematic with several genera moved to the formerly monogeneric Metteniusaceae, but minor changes in circumscription include Aristolochiaceae (now including Lactoridaceae and Hydnoraceae; Aristolochiales), Maundiaceae (removed from Juncaginaceae; Alismatales), Restionaceae (now re-including Anarthriaceae and Centrolepidaceae; Poales), Buxaceae (now including Haptanthaceae; Buxales), Peraceae (split from Euphorbiaceae;  Malpighiales), recognition of Petenaeaceae (Huerteales), Kewaceae, Limeaceae, Macarthuriaceae and Microteaceae (all Caryophyllales), Petiveriaceae split from Phytolaccaceae (Caryophyllales), changes to the generic composition of Ixonanthaceae and Irvingiaceae (with transfer of Allantospermum from the former to the latter; Malpighiales), transfer of Pakaraimaea (formerly Dipterocarpaceae) to Cistaceae (Malvales), transfer of Borthwickia, Forchhammeria, Stixis and Tirania (formerly all Capparaceae) to Resedaceae (Brassicales), Nyssaceae split from Cornaceae (Cornales), Pteleocarpa moved to Gelsemiaceae (Gentianales), changes to the generic composition of Gesneriaceae (Sanango moved from Loganiaceae) and Orobanchaceae (now including Lindenbergiaceae and Rehmanniaceae) and recognition of Mazaceae distinct from Phrymaceae (all Lamiales).

     

    ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Apodanthaceae – Aristolochiaceae – Boraginales – Cistaceae – Cynomoriaceae – Dasypogonaceae – Dilleniales – Francoaceae – Gesneriaceae – Icacinales – Metteniusales – Orobanchaceae – Phrymaceae – Phytolaccaceae – Resedaceae – Restionaceae – Sabiaceae – Santalales – Vahliales.

    Amborellales Melikyan et al.
    1 [1]. Amborellaceae Pichon, nom. cons.

    Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    2 [2]. Hydatellaceae U.Hamann
    3 [3]. Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich., nom. cons.
    4 [4]. Nymphaeaceae Salisb., nom. cons.

    Austrobaileyales Takht. ex Reveal
    5 [5]. Austrobaileyaceae Croizat, nom. cons.
    6 [6]. Trimeniaceae Gibbs, nom. cons.
    7 [7]. Schisandraceae Blume, nom. cons.

    MESANGIOSPERMS

    MAGNOLIIDS

    Canellales  Cronq.
    8 [9]. Canellaceae Mart., nom. cons.   
    9 [10]. Winteraceae R.Br. ex Lindl., nom. cons.

    Piperales Bercht. & J.Presl
    10 [11]. Saururaceae Rich. ex T.Lestib., nom. cons.
    11 [12]. Piperaceae Giseke, nom. cons.
    12 [15]. *Aristolochiaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Asaraceae Vent., Hydnoraceae C.Agardh, nom. cons., Lactoridaceae Engl., nom. cons.)

    Magnoliales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    13 [16]. Myristicaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    14 [17]. Magnoliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    15 [18]. Degeneriaceae I.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm., nom. cons.
    16 [19]. Himantandraceae Diels, nom. cons.
    17 [20]. Eupomatiaceae Orb., nom. cons.
    18 [21]. Annonaceae Juss., nom. cons.

    Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    19 [22]. Calycanthaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
    20 [23]. Siparunaceae Schodde
    21 [24]. Gomortegaceae Reiche, nom. cons.
    22 [25]. Atherospermataceae R.Br.
    23 [26]. Hernandiaceae Blume, nom. cons.
    24 [27]. Monimiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    25 [28]. Lauraceae Juss., nom. cons.

     
    INDEPENDENT LINEAGE: UNPLACED TO MORE INCLUSIVE CLADE
     
    Chloranthales Mart.
    26 [8]. Chloranthaceae R.Br. ex Sims, nom. cons.
     

    MONOCOTS

    Acorales Mart.
    27 [29]. Acoraceae Martinov

    Alismatales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    28 [30]. Araceae Juss., nom. cons.
    29 [31]. Tofieldiaceae Takht.
    30 [32]. Alismataceae Vent., nom. cons.
    31 [33]. Butomaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
    32 [34]. Hydrocharitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    33 [35]. Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi, nom. cons.
    34 [36]. Aponogetonaceae Planch., nom. cons.
    35 [37]. *Juncaginaceae Rich., nom. cons.
    36. *Maundiaceae Nakai
    37 [38]. Zosteraceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    38 [39]. Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons
    39 [40]. Posidoniaceae Vines, nom. cons.
    40 [41]. Ruppiaceae Horan., nom. cons.
    41 [42]. Cymodoceaceae Vines, nom. cons.

    Petrosaviales Takht.
    42 [43]. Petrosaviaceae Hutch., nom. cons.

    Dioscoreales Mart.
    43 [44]. Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon
    44 [45]. ‘Burmanniaceae’ Blume, nom. cons.
    45 [46]. Dioscoreaceae R.Br., nom. cons.

    Pandanales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    46 [47]. Triuridaceae Gardner, nom. cons.
    47 [48]. Velloziaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
    48 [49]. Stemonaceae Caruel, nom. cons.
    49 [50]. Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich., nom. cons.
    50 [51]. Pandanaceae R.Br., nom. cons.

    Liliales Perleb
    51 [52]. Campynemataceae Dumort.
    52 [60]. Corsiaceae Becc., nom. cons.
    53 [53]. Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
    54 [54]. Petermanniaceae Hutch, nom. cons.
    55 [55]. Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    56 [56]. Colchicaceae DC., nom. cons.
    57 [57]. Philesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    58 [58]. Ripogonaceae Conran & Clifford
    59 [59]. Smilacaceae Vent., nom. cons.
    60 [61]. Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
     
    Asparagales Link
    61 [62]. Orchidaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    62 [63]. Boryaceae M.W.Chase et al .
    63 [64]. Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
    64 [65]. Asteliaceae Dumort.
    65 [66]. Lanariaceae H.Huber ex R.Dahlgren
    66 [67]. Hypoxidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    67 [69]. Doryanthaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
    68 [70]. Ixioliriaceae Nakai (as ‘Ixiolirionaceae’; spelling corrected)
    69 [68]. Tecophilaeaceae Leyb., nom. cons.
    70 [71]. Iridaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    71 [72]. Xeronemataceae M.W.Chase et al.
    72 [73]. Asphodelaceae Juss., nom. cons. prop. (including Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.)
    73 [74]. Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
    74 [75]. Asparagaceae Juss., nom. cons.

    Arecales Bromhead
    75 [90]. Dasypogonaceae Dumort.
    76 [76]. Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (= Palmae Juss., nom. cons.)

    Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    77 [77]. Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw
    78 [78]. Commelinaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
    79 [79]. Philydraceae Link, nom. cons.
    80 [80]. Pontederiaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
    81 [81]. Haemodoraceae R.Br., nom. cons.

    Zingiberales Griseb.
    82 [82]. Strelitziaceae Hutch., nom. cons.
    83 [83]. Lowiaceae Ridl., nom. cons.
    84 [84]. Heliconiaceae Vines
    85 [85]. Musaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    86 [86]. Cannaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    87 [87]. Marantaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    88 [88]. Costaceae Nakai
    89 [89]. Zingiberaceae Martinov, nom. cons.

    Poales Small
    90 [91]. Typhaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    91 [92]. Bromeliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    92 [93]. Rapateaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    93 [94]. Xyridaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.
    94 [95]. Eriocaulaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
    95 [96]. Mayacaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
    96 [97]. Thurniaceae Engl., nom. cons.
    97 [98]. Juncaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    98 [99]. Cyperaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    99 [102]. *Restionaceae R.Br., nom. cons. (including Anarthriaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw, Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons.)
    100 [103]. Flagellariaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    101 [104]. Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm.
    102 [105]. Ecdeiocoleaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw
    103 [106]. Poaceae Barnhart, nom. cons. (= Gramineae Juss., nom. cons.)


    PROBABLE SISTER OF EUDICOTS

    Ceratophyllales Link
    104 [107]. Ceratophyllaceae Gray, nom. cons.


    EUDICOTS

    Ranunculales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    105 [108]. Eupteleaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons.
    106 [109]. Papaveraceae Juss., nom. cons.

    107 [110]. Circaeasteraceae Hutch., nom. cons.
    108 [111]. Lardizabalaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    109 [112]. Menispermaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    110 [113]. Berberidaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    111 [114]. Ranunculaceae Juss., nom. cons.

    Proteales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    112 [115]. Sabiaceae Blume, nom. cons.
    113 [116]. Nelumbonaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
    114 [117]. Platanaceae T.Lestib., nom. cons.
    115 [118]. Proteaceae Juss., nom. cons.

    Trochodendrales Takht. ex Cronq.
    116 [119]. Trochodendraceae Eichler, nom. cons.

    Buxales Takht. ex Reveal
    117 [121]. *Buxaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (including Haptanthaceae C.Nelson)


    CORE EUDICOTS

    Gunnerales Takht. ex Reveal
    118 [122]. Myrothamnaceae Nied., nom. cons.
    119 [123]. Gunneraceae Meisn., nom. cons.

    †Dilleniales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    120 [124]. Dilleniaceae Salisb., nom. cons.


    SUPERROSIDS

    Saxifragales Bercht. & J.Presl
    121 [125]. Peridiscaceae Kuhlm., nom. cons.
    122 [126]. Paeoniaceae Raf., nom. cons.
    123 [127]. Altingiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
    124 [128]. Hamamelidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    125 [129]. Cercidiphyllaceae Engl., nom. cons.
    126 [130]. Daphniphyllaceae Mu€ll.Arg., nom. cons.
    127 [131]. Iteaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
    128 [132]. Grossulariaceae DC., nom. cons.
    129 [133]. Saxifragaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    130 [134]. Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
    131 [135]. Aphanopetalaceae Doweld
    132 [136]. Tetracarpaeaceae Nakai
    133 [137]. Penthoraceae Rydb. ex Britton, nom. cons.
    134 [138]. Haloragaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    135 [139]. Cynomoriaceae Endl. ex Lindl., nom. cons.

     
    ROSIDS

    Vitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    136 [140]. Vitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
     
    Zygophyllales Link
    137 [141]. Krameriaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    138 [142]. Zygophyllaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
     
    Fabales Bromhead
    139 [143]. Quillajaceae D.Don
    140 [144]. Fabaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Leguminosae Juss., nom. cons.)
    141 [145]. Surianaceae Arn., nom. cons.
    142 [146]. Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons.

    Rosales Bercht. & J.Presl
    143 [147]. Rosaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    144 [148]. Barbeyaceae Rendle, nom. cons.
    145 [149]. Dirachmaceae Hutch.
    146 [150]. Elaeagnaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    147 [151]. Rhamnaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    148 [152]. Ulmaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
    149 [153]. Cannabaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
    150 [154]. Moraceae Gaudich., nom. cons.
    151 [155]. Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons.
     
    Fagales Engl.
    152 [156]. Nothofagaceae Kuprian.
    153 [157]. Fagaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    154 [158]. Myricaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons.
    155 [159]. Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
    156 [160]. Casuarinaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    157 [161]. Ticodendraceae G´omez-Laur. & L.D.G´omez
    158 [162]. Betulaceae Gray, nom. cons.

    Cucurbitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    159 [163]. *Apodanthaceae Tiegh. ex Takht.
    160 [164]. Anisophylleaceae Ridl.
    161 [165]. Corynocarpaceae Engl., nom. cons.
    162 [166]. Coriariaceae DC., nom. cons.
    163 [167]. Cucurbitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    164 [168]. Tetramelaceae Airy Shaw
    165 [169]. Datiscaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    166 [170]. Begoniaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.

    [COM-clade; placement uncertain]

    Celastrales Link
    167 [171]. Lepidobotryaceae J.L´eonard, nom. cons.
    168 [172]. Celastraceae R.Br., nom. cons.

    Oxalidales Bercht. & J.Presl
    169 [173]. Huaceae A.Chev.
    170 [174]. Connaraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    171 [175]. Oxalidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    172 [176]. Cunoniaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    173 [177]. Elaeocarpaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    174 [178]. Cephalotaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    175 [179]. Brunelliaceae Engl., nom. cons.
     
    Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    176 [180]. Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons.
    177 [207]. *Irvingiaceae Exell & Mendonc,a, nom. cons. (including Allantospermum Forman)
    178 [186]. Ctenolophonaceae Exell & Mendonc,a
    179 [181]. Rhizophoraceae Pers., nom. cons.
    180 [182]. Erythroxylaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
    181 [187]. Ochnaceae DC., nom. cons.
    182 [212]. Bonnetiaceae L.Beauvis. ex Nakai
    183 [211]. Clusiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Guttiferae Juss., nom. cons.)
    184 [210]. Calophyllaceae J.Agardh
    185 [213]. Podostemaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons.
    186 [214]. Hypericaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    187 [205]. Caryocaraceae Voigt, nom. cons.
    188 [197]. Lophopyxidaceae H.Pfeiff.
    189 [198]. Putranjivaceae Meisn.
    190 [185]. Centroplacaceae Doweld & Reveal
    191 [190]. Elatinaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    192 [191]. Malpighiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    193 [192]. Balanopaceae Benth. & Hook.f., nom. cons.
    194 [193]. Trigoniaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
    195 [194]. Dichapetalaceae Baill., nom. cons.
    196 [195]. Euphroniaceae Marc.-Berti
    197 [196]. Chrysobalanaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    198 [206]. Humiriaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
    199 [204]. Achariaceae Harms, nom. cons.
    200 [202]. Violaceae Batsch, nom. cons.
    201 [203]. Goupiaceae Miers
    202 [199]. Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel, nom. cons.
    203 [200]. Lacistemataceae Mart., nom. cons.
    204 [201]. Salicaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
    205 [—]. *Peraceae Klotzsch
    206 [183]. Rafflesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    207 [184]. *Euphorbiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    208 [208]. Linaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
    209 [209]. *Ixonanthaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons.
    210 [188]. Picrodendraceae Small, nom. cons.
    211 [189]. Phyllanthaceae Martinov, nom. cons.

    Geraniales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    212 [215]. Geraniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    213 [217]. *Francoaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. (including Bersamaceae Doweld, Greyiaceae Hutch., nom. cons., Ledocarpaceae Meyen, Melianthaceae Horan., nom. cons., Rhynchothecaceae A.Juss., Vivianiaceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.)

    Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    214 [218]. Combretaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    215 [219]. Lythraceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
    216 [220]. Onagraceae Juss., nom. cons.
    217 [221]. Vochysiaceae A.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
    218 [222]. Myrtaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    219 [223]. Melastomataceae Juss., nom. cons.
    220 [224]. Crypteroniaceae A.DC., nom. cons.
    221 [225]. Alzateaceae S.A.Graham
    222 [226]. Penaeaceae Sweet ex Guill., nom. cons.

    Crossosomatales Takht. ex Reveal
    223 [227]. Aphloiaceae Takht.
    224 [228]. Geissolomataceae A.DC., nom. cons.
    225 [229]. Strasburgeriaceae Tiegh., nom. cons.
    226 [230]. Staphyleaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
    227 [231]. Guamatelaceae S.H.Oh & D.Potter
    228 [232]. Stachyuraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
    229 [233]. Crossosomataceae Engl., nom. cons.
     
    Picramniales Doweld
    230 [234]. Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn

    Huerteales Doweld
    231 [244]. Gerrardinaceae M.H.Alford
    232 [—]. *Petenaeaceae Christenh. et al.
    233 [245]. Tapisciaceae Takht.
    234 [246]. Dipentodontaceae Merr., nom. cons.

    Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    235 [235]. Biebersteiniaceae Schnizl.
    236 [236]. Nitrariaceae Lindl.
    237 [237]. Kirkiaceae Takht.
    238 [238]. Burseraceae Kunth, nom. cons.
    239 [239]. Anacardiaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    240 [240]. Sapindaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Xanthocerataceae Buerki et al., as ‘Xanthoceraceae’)
    241 [241]. Rutaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    242 [242]. Simaroubaceae DC., nom. cons.
    243 [243]. Meliaceae Juss., nom. cons.

    Malvales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    244 [247]. Cytinaceae A.Rich.
    245 [248]. Muntingiaceae C.Bayer et al.
    246 [249]. Neuradaceae Kostel., nom. cons.
    247 [250]. Malvaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    248 [251]. Sphaerosepalaceae Bullock
    249 [252]. Thymelaeaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    250 [253]. Bixaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
    251 [255]. *Cistaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Pakaraimaea Maguire & P.S.Ashton)
    252 [254]. Sarcolaenaceae Caruel, nom. cons.
    253 [256]. *Dipterocarpaceae Blume, nom. cons.

    Brassicales Bromhead
    254 [257]. Akaniaceae Stapf, nom. cons.
    255 [258]. Tropaeolaceae Juss. ex DC., nom. cons.
    256 [259]. Moringaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
    257 [260]. Caricaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    258 [261]. Limnanthaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    259 [262]. Setchellanthaceae Iltis
    260 [263]. Koeberliniaceae Engl., nom. cons. 261 [264]. Bataceae Mart. ex Perleb, nom. cons. 262 [265]. Salvadoraceae Lindl., nom. cons.
    263 [266]. Emblingiaceae Airy Shaw
    264 [267]. Tovariaceae Pax, nom. cons.
    265 [268]. Pentadiplandraceae Hutch. & Dalziel
    266 [269]. Gyrostemonaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
    267 [270]. *Resedaceae Martinov, nom. cons. (including Borthwickiaceae J.X.Su et al ., Stixidaceae Doweld as ‘Stixaceae’, Forchhammeria Liebm.)
    268 [271]. *Capparaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    269 [272]. Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl
    270 [273]. Brassicaceae Burnett, nom. cons. (= Cruciferae Juss., nom. cons.)

     
    SUPERASTERIDS

    Berberidopsidales Doweld
    271 [274]. Aextoxicaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons.
    272 [275]. Berberidopsidaceae Takht.

    Santalales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    273 [277]. ‘Olacaceae’ R.Br., nom. cons. [not monophyletic] (including Aptandraceae Miers, Coulaceae Tiegh., Erythropalaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons. Octoknemaceae Soler. nom. cons., Strombosiaceae Tiegh., Ximeniaceae Horan.)
    274 [278]. Opiliaceae Valeton, nom. cons.
    275 [276]. Balanophoraceae Rich., nom. cons.
    276 [279]. ‘Santalaceae’ R.Br., nom. cons. [not monophyletic if Balanophoraceae are embedded] (including Amphorogynaceae Nickrent & Der, Cervantesiaceae Nickrent & Der, Comandraceae Nickrent & Der, Nanodeaceae Nickrent & Der, Thesiaceae Vest, Viscaceae Batsch)
    277 [281]. Misodendraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
    278 [282]. Schoepfiaceae Blume
    279 [280]. Loranthaceae Juss., nom. cons.

    Caryophyllales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    280 [283]. Frankeniaceae Desv., nom. cons.
    281 [284]. Tamaricaceae Link, nom. cons.
    282 [285]. Plumbaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    283 [286]. Polygonaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    284 [287]. Droseraceae Salisb., nom. cons.
    285 [288]. Nepenthaceae Dumort, nom. cons.
    286 [289]. Drosophyllaceae Chrtek et al .
    287 [290]. Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw, nom. cons.
    288 [291]. Ancistrocladaceae Planch. ex Walp., nom. cons.
    289 [292]. Rhabdodendraceae Prance
    290 [293]. Simmondsiaceae Tiegh.
    291 [294]. Physenaceae Takht.
    292 [295]. Asteropeiaceae Takht. ex Reveal & Hoogland
    293 [—]. *Macarthuriaceae Christenh.
    294 [—]. *Microteaceae Scha€ferhoff & Borsch
    295 [296]. Caryophyllaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    296 [297]. Achatocarpaceae Heimerl, nom. cons.
    297 [298]. Amaranthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    298 [299]. Stegnospermataceae Nakai
    299 [300]. *Limeaceae Shipunov ex Reveal
    300 [301]. Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal
    301 [—]. *Kewaceae Christenh.
    302 [302]. Barbeuiaceae Nakai
    303 [303]. Gisekiaceae Nakai
    304 [304]. Aizoaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
    305 [305]. *Phytolaccaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    306 [—]. *Petiveriaceae C.Agardh (including Rivinaceae C.Agardh)
    307 [306]. Sarcobataceae Behnke        
    308 [307]. Nyctaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    309 [308]. *Molluginaceae Bartl., nom. cons.        
    310 [309]. Montiaceae Raf.
    311 [310]. Didiereaceae Radlk., nom. cons.
    312 [311]. Basellaceae Raf., nom. cons.
    313 [312]. Halophytaceae S.Soriano
    314 [313]. Talinaceae Doweld
    315 [314]. Portulacaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    316 [315]. Anacampserotaceae Eggli & Nyffeler
    317 [316]. Cactaceae Juss., nom. cons.


    ASTERIDS

    Cornales Link
    318 [—]. *Nyssaceae Juss. ex Dumort., nom. cons.
    319 [317]. Hydrostachyaceae Engl., nom. cons.
    320 [321]. Hydrangeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    321 [322]. Loasaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    322 [318]. Curtisiaceae Takht.
    323 [319]. Grubbiaceae Endl. ex Meisn., nom. cons.
    324 [320]. Cornaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.

    Ericales Bercht. & J.Presl
    325 [323]. Balsaminaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
    326 [324]. Marcgraviaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
    327 [325]. Tetrameristaceae Hutch.
    328 [326]. Fouquieriaceae DC., nom. cons.
    329 [327]. Polemoniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    330 [328]. Lecythidaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
    331 [329]. Sladeniaceae Airy Shaw
    332 [330]. Pentaphylacaceae Engl., nom. cons.
    333 [331]. Sapotaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    334 [332]. Ebenaceae Gu€rke, nom. cons.
    335 [333]. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
    336 [334]. Theaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
    337 [335]. Symplocaceae Desf., nom. cons.
    338 [336]. Diapensiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
    339 [337]. Styracaceae DC. & Spreng., nom. cons.
    340 [338]. Sarraceniaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    341 [339]. Roridulaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
    342 [340]. Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm., nom. cons.
    343 [341]. Clethraceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.
    344 [342]. Cyrillaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
    345 [344]. Ericaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    346 [343]. Mitrastemonaceae Makino, nom. cons. [placement in order unclear]

    †Icacinales Tiegh.
    347 [345]. Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw
    348 [347]. *Icacinaceae Miers, nom. cons.
     
    †Metteniusales Takht.
    349 [346]. *Metteniusaceae H.Karst. ex Schnizl.

    Garryales Mart.
    350 [348]. Eucommiaceae Engl., nom. cons.
    351 [349]. Garryaceae Lindl., nom. cons.

    Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    352 [350]. Rubiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    353 [351]. Gentianaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    354 [352]. Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart., nom. cons.
    355 [353]. *Gelsemiaceae L.Struwe & V.A.Albert (including Pteleocarpaceae Brummitt)
    356 [354]. Apocynaceae Juss., nom. cons.

    †Boraginales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    357 [356]. Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Codonaceae Weigend & Hilger)

    †Vahliales Doweld
    358 [355]. Vahliaceae Dandy

    Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    359 [357]. Convolvulaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    360 [358]. Solanaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    361 [359]. Montiniaceae Nakai, nom. cons.
    362 [360]. Sphenocleaceae T.Baskerv., nom. cons.
    363 [361]. Hydroleaceae R.Br.

    Lamiales Bromhead
    364 [362]. Plocospermataceae Hutch.
    365 [363]. Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw
    366 [364]. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons.
    367 [365]. Tetrachondraceae Wettst.
    368 [366]. Calceolariaceae Olmstead
    369 [367]. *Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss., nom. cons. (note: position of Peltanthera Benth. is problematic and here considered unplaced to family)
    370 [368]. Plantaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    371 [369]. Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    372 [370]. Stilbaceae Kunth, nom.  cons.
    373 [371]. Linderniaceae Borsch et  al  .
    374 [383]. Byblidaceae Domin, nom. cons.
    375 [384]. Martyniaceae Horan., nom. cons.
    376 [372]. Pedaliaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    377 [378]. Acanthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    378 [379]. Bignoniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    379 [377]. Lentibulariaceae Rich., nom. cons.
    380 [381]. Schlegeliaceae Reveal
    381 [380]. Thomandersiaceae Sreem.
    382 [382]. Verbenaceae J.St.Hil., nom. cons.
    383 [373]. Lamiaceae Martinov, nom. cons. (= Labiatae Juss., nom. cons.)
    384 [—]. *Mazaceae Reveal
    385 [374]. *Phrymaceae Schauer, nom. cons.
    386 [375]. Paulowniaceae Nakai
    387 [376]. *Orobanchaceae Vent., nom. cons. (including Lindenbergiaceae Doweld, Rehmanniaceae Reveal)

    Aquifoliales Senft
    388 [385]. Stemonuraceae K˚arehed
    389 [386]. Cardiopteridaceae Blume, nom. cons.
    390 [387]. Phyllonomaceae Small
    391 [388]. Helwingiaceae Decne.
    392 [389]. Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.

    Asterales Link     
    393 [390]. Rousseaceae DC.
    394 [391]. Campanulaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    395 [392]. Pentaphragmataceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
    396 [393]. Stylidiaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    397 [394]. Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw
    398 [395]. Phellinaceae Takht.
    399 [396]. Argophyllaceae Takht.
    400 [397]. Menyanthaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
    401 [398]. Goodeniaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    402 [399]. Calyceraceae R.Br. ex Rich., nom. cons.
    403 [400]. Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (= Compositae Giseke, nom. cons.)

    Escalloniales Link
    404 [401]. Escalloniaceae R.Br. ex Dumort., nom. cons.

    Bruniales Dumort.     
    405 [402]. Columelliaceae D.Don, nom. cons.
    406 [403]. Bruniaceae R.Br. ex DC., nom. cons.

    Paracryphiales Takht. ex Reveal
    407 [404]. Paracryphiaceae Airy Shaw

    Dipsacales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
    408 [405]. Adoxaceae E.Mey., nom. cons. (= Viburnaceae Raf., nom. cons. prop.)
    409 [406]. Caprifoliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
     
    Apiales Nakai
    410 [407]. Pennantiaceae J.Agardh
    411 [408]. Torricelliaceae Hu
    412 [409]. Griseliniaceae Takht., nom. cons. prop.
    413 [410]. Pittosporaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
    414 [411]. Araliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
    415 [412]. Myodocarpaceae Doweld
    416 [413]. Apiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Umbelliferae Juss., nom. cons.)

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    Estilos Citas Referencias Bibliográficas

    🗯 1906 Chicago style (Business, History, Art, Humanidades, Literatura, Ciencias Sociales) v.17 The University of Chicago
    🗯 1929 APA American Psychological Association (Education, Psychology, Social Sciences) V7
    🗯 1954 MLA 1883 Modern Language Association (Humanities, Ciencias Sociales, Lengua, Literatura) 2016
    🗯 1975 ISO 690:2010
    🗯 1978 Vancouver (Health Sciences, Biomedicina)
    🗯 Harvard (Física, Ciencias Naturales y Sociales) 
    🗯 CSE (Council of Science Editors) (Biology, nature science)
    🗯 McGill (Law) Canada
    🗯 ICONTEC – NTC 1486 
    🗯 Çédille (estudios franceses)
    🗯 Indigenous Citation Styles - Citation Style Guide - LibGuides at Dalhousie University
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    Aconitum napellus L.

    Se encuentra en las zonas montañosas (hasta los 2000 m s. n. m.) de Europa, salvo en la región mediterránea, se extiende por el oeste hasta la cordillera del Himalaya. Se encuentra junto a los cursos de agua y en los bosques en lugares húmedos y sombríos.Napellus significa "pequeño nabo" y hace referencia a la forma de la raíz. Según una antigua leyenda, la vaca fue engendrada por la sangre de Prometeo, el dios griego de la trampa y de la creación de la humanidad. Tanto los médicos griegos como los romanos ya recomendaban evitar su uso excepto para matar escorpiones. Avicena, el gran médico persa, fue el primero en utilizarla con fines medicinales.

    Todas las partes de las plantas del género Aconitum contienen alcaloides, principalmente aconitina, cuya elevada toxicidad supone un riesgo incluso en cantidades mínimas por sus potentes efectos cardiotóxicos y neurotóxicos.4 Bastan 2 mg de sustancia para provocar la muerte a un ser humano adulto. Las raíces son el órgano más rico en aconitina, pero toda la planta es peligrosa, incluyendo sus semillas. El acónito supone una fuente oculta de envenenamiento en infusiones de hierbas no tóxicas, contaminadas con sus raíces. En Asia, donde se considera que el acónito posee efectos beneficiosos para la salud, se producen envenenamientos graves e incluso mortales, como consecuencia de la utilización de las raíces en la preparación de sopas y comidas. 

    Chan TY (2015 Aug). «Incidence and Causes of Aconitum Alkaloid Poisoning in Hong Kong from 1989 to 2010»

    Reino: Plantae 
    Subreino: Tracheobionta 
    División: Magnoliophyta 
    Clase: Magnoliopsida Subclase: Magnoliidae
     Orden: Ranunculales
     Familia: Ranunculaceae 
    Subfamilia: Ranunculoideae 
    Tribu: Delphinieae 
    Género: Aconitum
     Especie: A. napellus L., 1753
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    Scoville scale - Capsicum sp.

    🌶️ Capsaicina pura (C18H27NO3)
    15,000,000 - 16,000,000

    🌶️ Nordihydrocapsaicin C17H27NO3 (capsaicinoid, analog, congener)
    9,100,000

    🌶️ Pepper Spray (OC: Oleoresin Capsicum) inflamatorio
    2,000,000 - 5,300,00

    🌶 Carolina Reaper 🇺🇸 (Naga Bhut Jolokia X Chile habanero Jacq.)
    2,200,000

    🌶 Naga Jolokia 🇮🇳 (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
    855,000 - 1,041,427

    🌶 Dorset Naga 🇬🇧 (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
    876,000 - 970,000

    🌶 Red Savina Habanero 🇨🇺 (Capsicum chinense 'Red Savina')
    350,000 - 577,000

    🌶 Habanero Chile 🇲🇽 Sudamérica (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
    100,000 - 350,000

    🌶 Scotch Bonnet 🇯🇲 (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
    100,000 - 350,000

    🌶 Jamaican Hot Pepper 🇯🇲 (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
    100,000 - 200,000

    🌶 Tien Tsin Chiles 🇨🇳 (Capsicum annuum L.)
    60,000 - 75,000

    🌶 Thai Chili Pepper 🇲🇽 (Capsicum annuum L. 'Bird's Eye')
    50,000 - 100,000

    🌶 Cayenne Pepper 🇬🇫 (Capsicum annuum L.)
    30,000 - 50,000

    🌶️ Serrano Pepper 🇲🇽
    10,000 - 23,000

    🌶 Wax Pepper 🇭🇺 (Capsicum annuum L.)
    5,000 - 10,000

    🌶️ Jalapeño Pepper 🇲🇽 (Capsicum annuum L.)
    2,500 - 10,000

    🌶 Rocotillo Pepper 🇵🇪 (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
    1,500 - 2,500

    🌶 Poblano Pepper: Puebla 🇲🇽
    1,000 - 2,000

    🌶 Anaheim Pepper 🇺🇸 (Capsicum annuum L. 'Anaheim', 'California Green')
    500 - 3,000

    🌶 Pimento Capsicum L.
    100 - 500

    🫑 Bell Pepper, Chile Dulce (Capsicum annuum L.)
    0

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    Glycine max (L.) Merr., 1917 - Soja

    Es la planta transgénica más cultivada.
    Utilizada en China durante más de 5000 años. 
     
    Etimología Glycine: proviene de Linnaeus. Al nombrar el género, Linneo observó que una de las especies del género tenía una raíz dulce. Basándose en la dulzura, la palabra griega para dulce, glykós, fue latinizada.6 El nombre del género no está relacionado con el aminoácido glicina.
     
    Nativa: Extremo Oriente: China, Japón
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

    Reino: Plantae 
    División: Magnoliophyta 
    Clase: Magnoliopsida 
    Subclase: Rosidae
    Orden: Fabales 
    Familia: Fabaceae 
    Subfamilia: Faboideae 
    Tribu: Phaseoleae 
    Subtribu: Glycininae 
    Género: Glycine 
    Especie: Glycine max (L.) Merr., 1917 
     
    Utilizada en: Fitotecnologías, Mejora genética e hibridación en agricultura.
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    Index scientific names (IAPT)

    🧬🧾 Index of scientific names 🌿

    🇦 🌴🏝 🥥 🇨🇦🍁Acer rubrum L. 🥭Anacardiaceae 🌼🌻Asteraceae 🍍 🥝 🥬🥕Apiaceae 🎋Asparagaceae 🧄Allium sativum 🧅Allium cepa Amaryllidaceae

     Abies alcoquiana Veitch ex Lindl..............................60.Ex.28

    – balsamea (L.) Mill.......................................23.Ex.5+7

    – “koreana var. yuanbaoshanensis”............................30.Ex.10

    “Abrus Abrus”..........................................10.Ex.10

    Abutilon glaziovii K. Schum.................................60.Ex.29

    Acacia bancroftiorum Maiden, ‘Bancrofti’.......................60.Ex.25

    – brandegeeana I. M. Johnst., ‘brandegeana’......................60.Ex.31

    – nelsonii Maslin........................................6.Ex.18

    – nelsonii Saff...........................................6.Ex.18

    Acaena anserinifolia (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) J. Armstr...............H.10.Ex.4

    – ×anserovina Orchard....................................H.10.Ex.4

    – ovina A. Cunn.........................................H.10.Ex.4

    Acanthoeca W. N. Ellis....................................53.*Ex.10

    Acanthoica Lohmann.....................................53.*Ex.10

    Acanthopanax (Decne. & Planch.) Miq..........................23.Ex.8

    – trifoliatus (L.) Voss, ‘trifoliatum’............................23.Ex.8

    Acer pseudoplatanus L., ‘pseudo-platanus’.......................60.Ex.40

    Aceras R. Br............................................62.Ex.6

    Achyranthes L...........................................10.Ex.11

    – aspera L.............................................10.Ex.11

    – repens L.............................................10.Ex.11

    Acidosasa B. M. Yang.....................................55.Ex.6

    Acidosasa C. D. Chu & C. S. Chao............................55.Ex.6

    “Acisanthera Acisanthera”.................................10.Ex.10

    Acrospelion Bess.........................................46.Ex.39

    Adansonia grandidieri Baill..................................9.Ex.4

    Adenanthera bicolor Moon..................................7.Ex.9

    Adiantum capillus-veneris L.................................23.Ex.1

    Adonis L..............................................62.*Ex.1

    Aesculus L.............................................11.Ex.6

    Aextoxicaceae..........................................18.Ex.1

    Aextoxicon Ruiz & Pav.....................................18.Ex.1

    Agaricaceae...........................................37.Ex.6

    Agaricus L.............................................41.Ex.9

    – “tribus” [unranked] Hypholoma Fr. : Fr.........................41.Ex.9

    – “tribus” [unranked] Pholiota Fr. : Fr...........................F.4.Ex.1

    – atricapillus Batsch......................................F.3.Ex.4

    – cervinus Hoffm.........................................F.3.Ex.4

    – cervinus Schaeff........................................F.3.Ex.4

    – cinereus Schaeff. : Fr.....................................23.Ex.17

    – compactus [unranked] sarcocephalus (Fr. : Fr.) Fr. : Fr...............F.3A.Ex.2

    – equestris L. : Fr.........................................F.3.Ex.5

    – ericetorum Pers.........................................F.3.Ex.1

    – fascicularis Huds. : Fr....................................41.Ex.9

    – flavovirens Pers........................................F.3.Ex.5

    – rhacodes Vittad., ‘rachodes’...............................60.*Ex.2

    – sarcocephalus Fr........................................F.3A.Ex.2

    – umbelliferus L.........................................F.3.Ex.1

    Agathophyllum Juss.......................................55.Ex.1

    – neesianum Blume.......................................55.Ex.1

    Agati Adans............................................62.Ex.9

    ×Agroelymus E. G. Camus ex A. Camus.........................11.Ex.41; H.8.Ex.1

    ×Agrohordeum E. G. Camus ex A. Camus........................H.8.Ex.1; H.9.Ex.1

    ×Agropogon P. Fourn......................................H.3.Ex.1; H.6.Ex.1

    – littoralis (Sm.) C. E. Hubb.................................H.3.Ex.1

    Agropyron Gaertn........................................11.Ex.41; H.8.Ex.1; H.9.Ex.1

    – desertorum f. pilosiusculum Melderis..........................41.Ex.18

    – – var. pilosiusculum (Melderis) H. L. Yang......................41.Ex.18

    – japonicum Honda.......................................27.Ex.1; 55.Ex.3

    – japonicum (Miq.) P. Candargy..............................27.Ex.1; 55.Ex.3

    – – var. hackelianum Honda.................................27.Ex.1; 55.Ex.3

    – kamoji Ohwi..........................................60.Ex.21

    Agrostis L.............................................23.Ex.18; H.2.Ex.1; H.6.Ex.1

    – alpina Scop...........................................23.Ex.18

    – radiata L.............................................52.Ex.14

    – stolonifera L..........................................H.2.Ex.1

    Aikinia brunonis Wall......................................46.Ex.3

    Albizia Durazz..........................................F.9.Ex.1

    Albugo arenosa Mirzaee & Thines.............................F.5.Ex.1

    Alcicornopteris hallei J. Walton..............................1.Ex.1

    Aletris punicea Labill......................................52.Ex.11

    Alexitoxicon St.-Lag.......................................51.Ex.1

    Algae................................................13.1(e)

    Alkanna Tausch.........................................11.Ex.18

    – matthioli Tausch.......................................11.Ex.18

    – tinctoria Tausch........................................11.Ex.18

    Allium antonii-bolosii P. Palau, ‘a.-bolosii’.......................60.Ex.49

    Aloe perfoliata L.........................................24.Ex.6

    – – var. vera L...........................................6.Ex.12; 24.Ex.6

    – vera (L.) Burm. f........................................6.Ex.12

    Alpinia L..............................................55.Ex.4

    Alpinia Roxb...........................................55.Ex.4

    – galanga (L.) Willd.......................................55.Ex.4

    – languas J. F. Gmel.......................................55.Ex.4

    Alsophila kalbreyeri Baker..................................6.Ex.1; 41.Ex.24

    – podophylla Baker.......................................6.Ex.1

    Alternaria Nees : Fr.......................................14.Ex.13

    Alyssum flahaultianum Emb..................................39.Ex.3

    Alyxia ceylanica Wight....................................60.Ex.1

    Amaranthaceae.........................................10.Ex.11

    Amaranthus L...........................................60.Ex.1

    – caudatus L............................................10.Ex.11

    ×Amarcrinum Coutts......................................H.6.Ex.2

    Amaryllidaceae.........................................53.Ex.1

    Amaryllis L............................................H.6.Ex.2

    Amblyanthera Blume......................................53.Ex.7

    Amblyanthera Müll. Arg....................................53.Ex.7

    Amerimnon brownei Jacq...................................6.Ex.3

    Ammanthus Boiss. & Heldr..................................6.Ex.10

    Amorphophallus campanulatus Decne...........................48.Ex.2

    Ampelopsis cantoniensis var. grossedentata Hand.-Mazz...............41.Ex.19

    Amphiprora Ehrenb.......................................45.Ex.1

    Amphitecna Miers........................................14.Ex.7

    Amygdalaceae..........................................19.Ex.6

    Amygdaloideae.........................................19.Ex.6

    Amygdalus L............................................19.Ex.6

    Anacamptis Rich.........................................H.6.Ex.1

    Anacyclus L............................................10.Ex.1

    – valentinus L...........................................10.Ex.1

    Anaeromyces polycephalus (Y. C. Chen & al.) Fliegerová & al...........29.Ex.1

    Anagallis arvensis subsp. caerulea Hartm.........................53.Ex.15

    – – var. caerulea (L.) Gouan.................................53.Ex.15

    – caerulea L............................................53.Ex.15

    – caerulea Schreb........................................53.Ex.15

    “Ananas Ananas”........................................10.Ex.10

    Anchusa lanata L.........................................24.Ex.9

    Andreaea angustata......................................46.Ex.44

    Andromeda polifolia L.....................................60.Ex.38

    Andropogon L...........................................62.Ex.4

    – distachyos L., ‘distachyon’.................................23.Ex.9

    – drummondii Steud.......................................46.Ex.27

    – fasciculatus L..........................................52.Ex.14

    – martini Roxb..........................................41.Ex.5

    – sorghum subsp. halepensis (L.) Hack..........................53.Ex.14

    – – var. halepensis (L.) Hack.................................53.Ex.14

    Anemone alpina L........................................9.Ex.6

    – ×elegans Decne........................................11.Ex.40

    – hupehensis (Lemoine & É. Lemoine) Lemoine & É. Lemoine..........11.Ex.40

    – ×hybrida Paxton.......................................11.Ex.40

    – vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC.................................11.Ex.40

    Angiospermae..........................................16.Ex.2

    Annona L..............................................F.9.Ex.1

    “Anonymos”...........................................20.Ex.9

    – “aquatica”...........................................35.Ex.3

    Anoplon Rchb...........................................46.Ex.26

    ×Anthematricaria Asch., ‘Anthe-Matricaria’......................H.6.Ex.5

    Anthemis L.............................................H.6.Ex.5

    – subg. Ammanthus (Boiss. & Heldr.) R. Fern......................6.Ex.10

    – valentina L............................................10.Ex.1

    Anthocerotae...........................................13.1(c)

    Anthophyta............................................16.Ex.2

    “Anthopogon”..........................................20.N.2

    Anthyllis sect. Aspalathoides DC...............................41.Ex.1; 49.Ex.2

    – barba-jovis L., ‘Barba jovis’...............................23.Ex.20

    Antidesmatinae.........................................19A.Ex.1

    Antidesmatoideae........................................19A.Ex.1

    Antirrhinum spurium L.....................................11.Ex.8

    Apiaceae..............................................18.5

    Apios Fabr.............................................52.Ex.9

    – americana Medik.......................................52.Ex.9

    – tuberosa Moench.......................................52.Ex.9

    Apium L...............................................18.5

    Apocynum androsaemifolium L., ‘fol. [foliis] androsaemi’.............23.Ex.22

    ×Arabidobrassica Gleba & Fr. Hoffm...........................H.9.Ex.3

    Arabidopsis Heynh........................................H.9.Ex.3

    – thaliana (L.) Heynh......................................H.9.Ex.3

    Arabis “Sekt. Brassicarabis”................................39.Ex.1

    – “Sekt. Brassicoturritis”...................................39.Ex.1

    – beckwithii S. Watson....................................47.Ex.1

    – shockleyi Munz........................................47.Ex.1

    Arachnis Blume.........................................H.6.Ex.6–7; H.8.Ex.3

    Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., ‘uva ursi’....................60.Ex.42

    Ardisia pentagona A. DC...................................51.Ex.2

    – quinquegona Blume.....................................51.Ex.2

    Areca L...............................................18.5

    Arecaceae.............................................18.5

    Arenaria L.............................................11.Ex.12

    – ser. Anomalae McNeill...................................21.Ex.1

    – stricta Michx..........................................11.Ex.12

    – uliginosa Schleich. ex Schltdl...............................11.Ex.12

    Arnica chamissonis Less....................................60.Ex.30

    Aronia arbutifolia var. nigra (Willd.) F. Seym......................41.Ex.17

    Artemisia nova A. Nelson...................................23.Ex.15

    Arum campanulatum Roxb..................................48.Ex.2

    – dracunculus L.........................................11.Ex.13

    Arytera sect. Mischarytera Radlk..............................6.Ex.6

    Ascomycetes...........................................16.Ex.2

    Ascomycota............................................16.Ex.2; 38.Ex.8; F.8.1, N.3

    Ascomycotina..........................................16.Ex.2

    Aspalathoides (DC.) K. Koch................................41.Ex.1; 49.Ex.2

    Asparagus kansuensis F. T. Wang & Tang ex S. C. Chen..............8.Ex.1

    – tamaboki Yatabe.......................................60.Ex.21

    Asperococcus castaneus Hook................................46.Ex.24

    – pusillus Carmich........................................46.Ex.24

    Aspidium ciliatum Wall. ex Benth..............................11.Ex.17

    Asplenium L............................................23.*Ex.23

    – dentatum L., ‘Trich. dentatum’..............................23.*Ex.23

    Aster L...............................................11.Ex.39; 18.5

    – novae-angliae L., ‘novae angliae’............................60.Ex.42

    Asteraceae............................................18.5; 29.Ex.3

    ×Asterago Everett.......................................11.Ex.39

    Asterostemma Decne......................................53.*Ex.8

    Astragalus alpinus L......................................6.Ex.17

    – cariensis Boiss.........................................53.Ex.3

    – (Cycloglottis) contortuplicatus L.............................21A.Ex.1

    – matthewsiae Podlech & Kirchhoff, ‘matthewsii’...................60.Ex.23

    – matthewsii S. Watson....................................60.Ex.23

    – penduliflorus Lam.......................................6.Ex.17

    – rhizanthus Boiss........................................53.Ex.3

    – rhizanthus Royle ex Benth.................................53.Ex.3

    – trimestris L...........................................9.Ex.9

    – (Phaca) umbellatus Pers...................................21A.Ex.1

    Astrostemma Benth.......................................53.*Ex.8

    Atherospermataceae, ‘Atherospermeae’.........................18.Ex.9

    Athyrium austro-occidentale Ching............................60.Ex.41

    Atriplex L..............................................23.Ex.15; 62.*Ex.1

    – “nova”.............................................23.Ex.15

    Atropa bella-donna L......................................23.Ex.1

    – sideroxyloides Willd.....................................46.Ex.15

    Avena L...............................................46.Ex.39

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