Angiosperm Phylogeny Group - APG IV 2016

An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification of the orders and families of angiosperms is presented. Several new orders are recognized: Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusiales and Vahliales. This brings the total number of orders and families recognized in the APG system to 64 and 416, respectively. We propose two additional informal major clades, superrosids and superasterids, that each comprise the additional orders that are included in the larger clades dominated by the rosids and asterids. Families  that  made  up potentially monofamilial orders, Dasypogonaceae and Sabiaceae, are instead referred to Arecales and Proteales, respectively. Two parasitic families formerly of uncertain positions are now placed:  Cynomoriaceae  in Saxifragales and Apodanthaceae  in Cucurbitales. Although there is evidence  that some families recognized in APG III are not monophyletic, we make no changes in Dioscoreales and Santalales relative to APG III and leave some genera in Lamiales unplaced (e.g. Peltanthera). These changes in familial circumscription and recognition have all resulted from new results published since APG III, except for some changes simply due to nomenclatural issues, which include substituting Asphodelaceae for Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asparagales) and Francoaceae for Melianthaceae (Geraniales); however, in Francoaceae we also include Bersamaceae, Ledocarpaceae, Rhynchothecaceae and Vivianiaceae. Other changes to family limits are not drastic or numerous and are mostly focused on some members of the lamiids, especially the former Icacinaceae that have long been problematic with several genera moved to the formerly monogeneric Metteniusaceae, but minor changes in circumscription include Aristolochiaceae (now including Lactoridaceae and Hydnoraceae; Aristolochiales), Maundiaceae (removed from Juncaginaceae; Alismatales), Restionaceae (now re-including Anarthriaceae and Centrolepidaceae; Poales), Buxaceae (now including Haptanthaceae; Buxales), Peraceae (split from Euphorbiaceae;  Malpighiales), recognition of Petenaeaceae (Huerteales), Kewaceae, Limeaceae, Macarthuriaceae and Microteaceae (all Caryophyllales), Petiveriaceae split from Phytolaccaceae (Caryophyllales), changes to the generic composition of Ixonanthaceae and Irvingiaceae (with transfer of Allantospermum from the former to the latter; Malpighiales), transfer of Pakaraimaea (formerly Dipterocarpaceae) to Cistaceae (Malvales), transfer of Borthwickia, Forchhammeria, Stixis and Tirania (formerly all Capparaceae) to Resedaceae (Brassicales), Nyssaceae split from Cornaceae (Cornales), Pteleocarpa moved to Gelsemiaceae (Gentianales), changes to the generic composition of Gesneriaceae (Sanango moved from Loganiaceae) and Orobanchaceae (now including Lindenbergiaceae and Rehmanniaceae) and recognition of Mazaceae distinct from Phrymaceae (all Lamiales).

 

ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Apodanthaceae – Aristolochiaceae – Boraginales – Cistaceae – Cynomoriaceae – Dasypogonaceae – Dilleniales – Francoaceae – Gesneriaceae – Icacinales – Metteniusales – Orobanchaceae – Phrymaceae – Phytolaccaceae – Resedaceae – Restionaceae – Sabiaceae – Santalales – Vahliales.

Amborellales Melikyan et al.
1 [1]. Amborellaceae Pichon, nom. cons.

Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
2 [2]. Hydatellaceae U.Hamann
3 [3]. Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich., nom. cons.
4 [4]. Nymphaeaceae Salisb., nom. cons.

Austrobaileyales Takht. ex Reveal
5 [5]. Austrobaileyaceae Croizat, nom. cons.
6 [6]. Trimeniaceae Gibbs, nom. cons.
7 [7]. Schisandraceae Blume, nom. cons.

MESANGIOSPERMS

MAGNOLIIDS

Canellales  Cronq.
8 [9]. Canellaceae Mart., nom. cons.   
9 [10]. Winteraceae R.Br. ex Lindl., nom. cons.

Piperales Bercht. & J.Presl
10 [11]. Saururaceae Rich. ex T.Lestib., nom. cons.
11 [12]. Piperaceae Giseke, nom. cons.
12 [15]. *Aristolochiaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Asaraceae Vent., Hydnoraceae C.Agardh, nom. cons., Lactoridaceae Engl., nom. cons.)

Magnoliales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
13 [16]. Myristicaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
14 [17]. Magnoliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
15 [18]. Degeneriaceae I.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm., nom. cons.
16 [19]. Himantandraceae Diels, nom. cons.
17 [20]. Eupomatiaceae Orb., nom. cons.
18 [21]. Annonaceae Juss., nom. cons.

Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
19 [22]. Calycanthaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
20 [23]. Siparunaceae Schodde
21 [24]. Gomortegaceae Reiche, nom. cons.
22 [25]. Atherospermataceae R.Br.
23 [26]. Hernandiaceae Blume, nom. cons.
24 [27]. Monimiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
25 [28]. Lauraceae Juss., nom. cons.

 
INDEPENDENT LINEAGE: UNPLACED TO MORE INCLUSIVE CLADE
 
Chloranthales Mart.
26 [8]. Chloranthaceae R.Br. ex Sims, nom. cons.
 

MONOCOTS

Acorales Mart.
27 [29]. Acoraceae Martinov

Alismatales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
28 [30]. Araceae Juss., nom. cons.
29 [31]. Tofieldiaceae Takht.
30 [32]. Alismataceae Vent., nom. cons.
31 [33]. Butomaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
32 [34]. Hydrocharitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
33 [35]. Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi, nom. cons.
34 [36]. Aponogetonaceae Planch., nom. cons.
35 [37]. *Juncaginaceae Rich., nom. cons.
36. *Maundiaceae Nakai
37 [38]. Zosteraceae Dumort., nom. cons.
38 [39]. Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons
39 [40]. Posidoniaceae Vines, nom. cons.
40 [41]. Ruppiaceae Horan., nom. cons.
41 [42]. Cymodoceaceae Vines, nom. cons.

Petrosaviales Takht.
42 [43]. Petrosaviaceae Hutch., nom. cons.

Dioscoreales Mart.
43 [44]. Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon
44 [45]. ‘Burmanniaceae’ Blume, nom. cons.
45 [46]. Dioscoreaceae R.Br., nom. cons.

Pandanales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
46 [47]. Triuridaceae Gardner, nom. cons.
47 [48]. Velloziaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
48 [49]. Stemonaceae Caruel, nom. cons.
49 [50]. Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich., nom. cons.
50 [51]. Pandanaceae R.Br., nom. cons.

Liliales Perleb
51 [52]. Campynemataceae Dumort.
52 [60]. Corsiaceae Becc., nom. cons.
53 [53]. Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
54 [54]. Petermanniaceae Hutch, nom. cons.
55 [55]. Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
56 [56]. Colchicaceae DC., nom. cons.
57 [57]. Philesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
58 [58]. Ripogonaceae Conran & Clifford
59 [59]. Smilacaceae Vent., nom. cons.
60 [61]. Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
 
Asparagales Link
61 [62]. Orchidaceae Juss., nom. cons.
62 [63]. Boryaceae M.W.Chase et al .
63 [64]. Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
64 [65]. Asteliaceae Dumort.
65 [66]. Lanariaceae H.Huber ex R.Dahlgren
66 [67]. Hypoxidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
67 [69]. Doryanthaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
68 [70]. Ixioliriaceae Nakai (as ‘Ixiolirionaceae’; spelling corrected)
69 [68]. Tecophilaeaceae Leyb., nom. cons.
70 [71]. Iridaceae Juss., nom. cons.
71 [72]. Xeronemataceae M.W.Chase et al.
72 [73]. Asphodelaceae Juss., nom. cons. prop. (including Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.)
73 [74]. Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
74 [75]. Asparagaceae Juss., nom. cons.

Arecales Bromhead
75 [90]. Dasypogonaceae Dumort.
76 [76]. Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (= Palmae Juss., nom. cons.)

Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
77 [77]. Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw
78 [78]. Commelinaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
79 [79]. Philydraceae Link, nom. cons.
80 [80]. Pontederiaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
81 [81]. Haemodoraceae R.Br., nom. cons.

Zingiberales Griseb.
82 [82]. Strelitziaceae Hutch., nom. cons.
83 [83]. Lowiaceae Ridl., nom. cons.
84 [84]. Heliconiaceae Vines
85 [85]. Musaceae Juss., nom. cons.
86 [86]. Cannaceae Juss., nom. cons.
87 [87]. Marantaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
88 [88]. Costaceae Nakai
89 [89]. Zingiberaceae Martinov, nom. cons.

Poales Small
90 [91]. Typhaceae Juss., nom. cons.
91 [92]. Bromeliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
92 [93]. Rapateaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
93 [94]. Xyridaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.
94 [95]. Eriocaulaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
95 [96]. Mayacaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
96 [97]. Thurniaceae Engl., nom. cons.
97 [98]. Juncaceae Juss., nom. cons.
98 [99]. Cyperaceae Juss., nom. cons.
99 [102]. *Restionaceae R.Br., nom. cons. (including Anarthriaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw, Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons.)
100 [103]. Flagellariaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
101 [104]. Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm.
102 [105]. Ecdeiocoleaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw
103 [106]. Poaceae Barnhart, nom. cons. (= Gramineae Juss., nom. cons.)


PROBABLE SISTER OF EUDICOTS

Ceratophyllales Link
104 [107]. Ceratophyllaceae Gray, nom. cons.


EUDICOTS

Ranunculales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
105 [108]. Eupteleaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons.
106 [109]. Papaveraceae Juss., nom. cons.

107 [110]. Circaeasteraceae Hutch., nom. cons.
108 [111]. Lardizabalaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
109 [112]. Menispermaceae Juss., nom. cons.
110 [113]. Berberidaceae Juss., nom. cons.
111 [114]. Ranunculaceae Juss., nom. cons.

Proteales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
112 [115]. Sabiaceae Blume, nom. cons.
113 [116]. Nelumbonaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
114 [117]. Platanaceae T.Lestib., nom. cons.
115 [118]. Proteaceae Juss., nom. cons.

Trochodendrales Takht. ex Cronq.
116 [119]. Trochodendraceae Eichler, nom. cons.

Buxales Takht. ex Reveal
117 [121]. *Buxaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (including Haptanthaceae C.Nelson)


CORE EUDICOTS

Gunnerales Takht. ex Reveal
118 [122]. Myrothamnaceae Nied., nom. cons.
119 [123]. Gunneraceae Meisn., nom. cons.

†Dilleniales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
120 [124]. Dilleniaceae Salisb., nom. cons.


SUPERROSIDS

Saxifragales Bercht. & J.Presl
121 [125]. Peridiscaceae Kuhlm., nom. cons.
122 [126]. Paeoniaceae Raf., nom. cons.
123 [127]. Altingiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
124 [128]. Hamamelidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
125 [129]. Cercidiphyllaceae Engl., nom. cons.
126 [130]. Daphniphyllaceae Mu€ll.Arg., nom. cons.
127 [131]. Iteaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
128 [132]. Grossulariaceae DC., nom. cons.
129 [133]. Saxifragaceae Juss., nom. cons.
130 [134]. Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
131 [135]. Aphanopetalaceae Doweld
132 [136]. Tetracarpaeaceae Nakai
133 [137]. Penthoraceae Rydb. ex Britton, nom. cons.
134 [138]. Haloragaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
135 [139]. Cynomoriaceae Endl. ex Lindl., nom. cons.

 
ROSIDS

Vitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
136 [140]. Vitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
 
Zygophyllales Link
137 [141]. Krameriaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
138 [142]. Zygophyllaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
 
Fabales Bromhead
139 [143]. Quillajaceae D.Don
140 [144]. Fabaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Leguminosae Juss., nom. cons.)
141 [145]. Surianaceae Arn., nom. cons.
142 [146]. Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons.

Rosales Bercht. & J.Presl
143 [147]. Rosaceae Juss., nom. cons.
144 [148]. Barbeyaceae Rendle, nom. cons.
145 [149]. Dirachmaceae Hutch.
146 [150]. Elaeagnaceae Juss., nom. cons.
147 [151]. Rhamnaceae Juss., nom. cons.
148 [152]. Ulmaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
149 [153]. Cannabaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
150 [154]. Moraceae Gaudich., nom. cons.
151 [155]. Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons.
 
Fagales Engl.
152 [156]. Nothofagaceae Kuprian.
153 [157]. Fagaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
154 [158]. Myricaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons.
155 [159]. Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
156 [160]. Casuarinaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
157 [161]. Ticodendraceae G´omez-Laur. & L.D.G´omez
158 [162]. Betulaceae Gray, nom. cons.

Cucurbitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
159 [163]. *Apodanthaceae Tiegh. ex Takht.
160 [164]. Anisophylleaceae Ridl.
161 [165]. Corynocarpaceae Engl., nom. cons.
162 [166]. Coriariaceae DC., nom. cons.
163 [167]. Cucurbitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
164 [168]. Tetramelaceae Airy Shaw
165 [169]. Datiscaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
166 [170]. Begoniaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.

[COM-clade; placement uncertain]

Celastrales Link
167 [171]. Lepidobotryaceae J.L´eonard, nom. cons.
168 [172]. Celastraceae R.Br., nom. cons.

Oxalidales Bercht. & J.Presl
169 [173]. Huaceae A.Chev.
170 [174]. Connaraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
171 [175]. Oxalidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
172 [176]. Cunoniaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
173 [177]. Elaeocarpaceae Juss., nom. cons.
174 [178]. Cephalotaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
175 [179]. Brunelliaceae Engl., nom. cons.
 
Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
176 [180]. Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons.
177 [207]. *Irvingiaceae Exell & Mendonc,a, nom. cons. (including Allantospermum Forman)
178 [186]. Ctenolophonaceae Exell & Mendonc,a
179 [181]. Rhizophoraceae Pers., nom. cons.
180 [182]. Erythroxylaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
181 [187]. Ochnaceae DC., nom. cons.
182 [212]. Bonnetiaceae L.Beauvis. ex Nakai
183 [211]. Clusiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Guttiferae Juss., nom. cons.)
184 [210]. Calophyllaceae J.Agardh
185 [213]. Podostemaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons.
186 [214]. Hypericaceae Juss., nom. cons.
187 [205]. Caryocaraceae Voigt, nom. cons.
188 [197]. Lophopyxidaceae H.Pfeiff.
189 [198]. Putranjivaceae Meisn.
190 [185]. Centroplacaceae Doweld & Reveal
191 [190]. Elatinaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
192 [191]. Malpighiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
193 [192]. Balanopaceae Benth. & Hook.f., nom. cons.
194 [193]. Trigoniaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
195 [194]. Dichapetalaceae Baill., nom. cons.
196 [195]. Euphroniaceae Marc.-Berti
197 [196]. Chrysobalanaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
198 [206]. Humiriaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
199 [204]. Achariaceae Harms, nom. cons.
200 [202]. Violaceae Batsch, nom. cons.
201 [203]. Goupiaceae Miers
202 [199]. Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel, nom. cons.
203 [200]. Lacistemataceae Mart., nom. cons.
204 [201]. Salicaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
205 [—]. *Peraceae Klotzsch
206 [183]. Rafflesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
207 [184]. *Euphorbiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
208 [208]. Linaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
209 [209]. *Ixonanthaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons.
210 [188]. Picrodendraceae Small, nom. cons.
211 [189]. Phyllanthaceae Martinov, nom. cons.

Geraniales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
212 [215]. Geraniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
213 [217]. *Francoaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. (including Bersamaceae Doweld, Greyiaceae Hutch., nom. cons., Ledocarpaceae Meyen, Melianthaceae Horan., nom. cons., Rhynchothecaceae A.Juss., Vivianiaceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.)

Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
214 [218]. Combretaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
215 [219]. Lythraceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
216 [220]. Onagraceae Juss., nom. cons.
217 [221]. Vochysiaceae A.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
218 [222]. Myrtaceae Juss., nom. cons.
219 [223]. Melastomataceae Juss., nom. cons.
220 [224]. Crypteroniaceae A.DC., nom. cons.
221 [225]. Alzateaceae S.A.Graham
222 [226]. Penaeaceae Sweet ex Guill., nom. cons.

Crossosomatales Takht. ex Reveal
223 [227]. Aphloiaceae Takht.
224 [228]. Geissolomataceae A.DC., nom. cons.
225 [229]. Strasburgeriaceae Tiegh., nom. cons.
226 [230]. Staphyleaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
227 [231]. Guamatelaceae S.H.Oh & D.Potter
228 [232]. Stachyuraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
229 [233]. Crossosomataceae Engl., nom. cons.
 
Picramniales Doweld
230 [234]. Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn

Huerteales Doweld
231 [244]. Gerrardinaceae M.H.Alford
232 [—]. *Petenaeaceae Christenh. et al.
233 [245]. Tapisciaceae Takht.
234 [246]. Dipentodontaceae Merr., nom. cons.

Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
235 [235]. Biebersteiniaceae Schnizl.
236 [236]. Nitrariaceae Lindl.
237 [237]. Kirkiaceae Takht.
238 [238]. Burseraceae Kunth, nom. cons.
239 [239]. Anacardiaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
240 [240]. Sapindaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Xanthocerataceae Buerki et al., as ‘Xanthoceraceae’)
241 [241]. Rutaceae Juss., nom. cons.
242 [242]. Simaroubaceae DC., nom. cons.
243 [243]. Meliaceae Juss., nom. cons.

Malvales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
244 [247]. Cytinaceae A.Rich.
245 [248]. Muntingiaceae C.Bayer et al.
246 [249]. Neuradaceae Kostel., nom. cons.
247 [250]. Malvaceae Juss., nom. cons.
248 [251]. Sphaerosepalaceae Bullock
249 [252]. Thymelaeaceae Juss., nom. cons.
250 [253]. Bixaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
251 [255]. *Cistaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Pakaraimaea Maguire & P.S.Ashton)
252 [254]. Sarcolaenaceae Caruel, nom. cons.
253 [256]. *Dipterocarpaceae Blume, nom. cons.

Brassicales Bromhead
254 [257]. Akaniaceae Stapf, nom. cons.
255 [258]. Tropaeolaceae Juss. ex DC., nom. cons.
256 [259]. Moringaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
257 [260]. Caricaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
258 [261]. Limnanthaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
259 [262]. Setchellanthaceae Iltis
260 [263]. Koeberliniaceae Engl., nom. cons. 261 [264]. Bataceae Mart. ex Perleb, nom. cons. 262 [265]. Salvadoraceae Lindl., nom. cons.
263 [266]. Emblingiaceae Airy Shaw
264 [267]. Tovariaceae Pax, nom. cons.
265 [268]. Pentadiplandraceae Hutch. & Dalziel
266 [269]. Gyrostemonaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
267 [270]. *Resedaceae Martinov, nom. cons. (including Borthwickiaceae J.X.Su et al ., Stixidaceae Doweld as ‘Stixaceae’, Forchhammeria Liebm.)
268 [271]. *Capparaceae Juss., nom. cons.
269 [272]. Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl
270 [273]. Brassicaceae Burnett, nom. cons. (= Cruciferae Juss., nom. cons.)

 
SUPERASTERIDS

Berberidopsidales Doweld
271 [274]. Aextoxicaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons.
272 [275]. Berberidopsidaceae Takht.

Santalales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
273 [277]. ‘Olacaceae’ R.Br., nom. cons. [not monophyletic] (including Aptandraceae Miers, Coulaceae Tiegh., Erythropalaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons. Octoknemaceae Soler. nom. cons., Strombosiaceae Tiegh., Ximeniaceae Horan.)
274 [278]. Opiliaceae Valeton, nom. cons.
275 [276]. Balanophoraceae Rich., nom. cons.
276 [279]. ‘Santalaceae’ R.Br., nom. cons. [not monophyletic if Balanophoraceae are embedded] (including Amphorogynaceae Nickrent & Der, Cervantesiaceae Nickrent & Der, Comandraceae Nickrent & Der, Nanodeaceae Nickrent & Der, Thesiaceae Vest, Viscaceae Batsch)
277 [281]. Misodendraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
278 [282]. Schoepfiaceae Blume
279 [280]. Loranthaceae Juss., nom. cons.

Caryophyllales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
280 [283]. Frankeniaceae Desv., nom. cons.
281 [284]. Tamaricaceae Link, nom. cons.
282 [285]. Plumbaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
283 [286]. Polygonaceae Juss., nom. cons.
284 [287]. Droseraceae Salisb., nom. cons.
285 [288]. Nepenthaceae Dumort, nom. cons.
286 [289]. Drosophyllaceae Chrtek et al .
287 [290]. Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw, nom. cons.
288 [291]. Ancistrocladaceae Planch. ex Walp., nom. cons.
289 [292]. Rhabdodendraceae Prance
290 [293]. Simmondsiaceae Tiegh.
291 [294]. Physenaceae Takht.
292 [295]. Asteropeiaceae Takht. ex Reveal & Hoogland
293 [—]. *Macarthuriaceae Christenh.
294 [—]. *Microteaceae Scha€ferhoff & Borsch
295 [296]. Caryophyllaceae Juss., nom. cons.
296 [297]. Achatocarpaceae Heimerl, nom. cons.
297 [298]. Amaranthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
298 [299]. Stegnospermataceae Nakai
299 [300]. *Limeaceae Shipunov ex Reveal
300 [301]. Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal
301 [—]. *Kewaceae Christenh.
302 [302]. Barbeuiaceae Nakai
303 [303]. Gisekiaceae Nakai
304 [304]. Aizoaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
305 [305]. *Phytolaccaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
306 [—]. *Petiveriaceae C.Agardh (including Rivinaceae C.Agardh)
307 [306]. Sarcobataceae Behnke        
308 [307]. Nyctaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
309 [308]. *Molluginaceae Bartl., nom. cons.        
310 [309]. Montiaceae Raf.
311 [310]. Didiereaceae Radlk., nom. cons.
312 [311]. Basellaceae Raf., nom. cons.
313 [312]. Halophytaceae S.Soriano
314 [313]. Talinaceae Doweld
315 [314]. Portulacaceae Juss., nom. cons.
316 [315]. Anacampserotaceae Eggli & Nyffeler
317 [316]. Cactaceae Juss., nom. cons.


ASTERIDS

Cornales Link
318 [—]. *Nyssaceae Juss. ex Dumort., nom. cons.
319 [317]. Hydrostachyaceae Engl., nom. cons.
320 [321]. Hydrangeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
321 [322]. Loasaceae Juss., nom. cons.
322 [318]. Curtisiaceae Takht.
323 [319]. Grubbiaceae Endl. ex Meisn., nom. cons.
324 [320]. Cornaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.

Ericales Bercht. & J.Presl
325 [323]. Balsaminaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
326 [324]. Marcgraviaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
327 [325]. Tetrameristaceae Hutch.
328 [326]. Fouquieriaceae DC., nom. cons.
329 [327]. Polemoniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
330 [328]. Lecythidaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
331 [329]. Sladeniaceae Airy Shaw
332 [330]. Pentaphylacaceae Engl., nom. cons.
333 [331]. Sapotaceae Juss., nom. cons.
334 [332]. Ebenaceae Gu€rke, nom. cons.
335 [333]. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
336 [334]. Theaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
337 [335]. Symplocaceae Desf., nom. cons.
338 [336]. Diapensiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
339 [337]. Styracaceae DC. & Spreng., nom. cons.
340 [338]. Sarraceniaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
341 [339]. Roridulaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
342 [340]. Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm., nom. cons.
343 [341]. Clethraceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.
344 [342]. Cyrillaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
345 [344]. Ericaceae Juss., nom. cons.
346 [343]. Mitrastemonaceae Makino, nom. cons. [placement in order unclear]

†Icacinales Tiegh.
347 [345]. Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw
348 [347]. *Icacinaceae Miers, nom. cons.
 
†Metteniusales Takht.
349 [346]. *Metteniusaceae H.Karst. ex Schnizl.

Garryales Mart.
350 [348]. Eucommiaceae Engl., nom. cons.
351 [349]. Garryaceae Lindl., nom. cons.

Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
352 [350]. Rubiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
353 [351]. Gentianaceae Juss., nom. cons.
354 [352]. Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart., nom. cons.
355 [353]. *Gelsemiaceae L.Struwe & V.A.Albert (including Pteleocarpaceae Brummitt)
356 [354]. Apocynaceae Juss., nom. cons.

†Boraginales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
357 [356]. Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Codonaceae Weigend & Hilger)

†Vahliales Doweld
358 [355]. Vahliaceae Dandy

Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
359 [357]. Convolvulaceae Juss., nom. cons.
360 [358]. Solanaceae Juss., nom. cons.
361 [359]. Montiniaceae Nakai, nom. cons.
362 [360]. Sphenocleaceae T.Baskerv., nom. cons.
363 [361]. Hydroleaceae R.Br.

Lamiales Bromhead
364 [362]. Plocospermataceae Hutch.
365 [363]. Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw
366 [364]. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons.
367 [365]. Tetrachondraceae Wettst.
368 [366]. Calceolariaceae Olmstead
369 [367]. *Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss., nom. cons. (note: position of Peltanthera Benth. is problematic and here considered unplaced to family)
370 [368]. Plantaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
371 [369]. Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons.
372 [370]. Stilbaceae Kunth, nom.  cons.
373 [371]. Linderniaceae Borsch et  al  .
374 [383]. Byblidaceae Domin, nom. cons.
375 [384]. Martyniaceae Horan., nom. cons.
376 [372]. Pedaliaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
377 [378]. Acanthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
378 [379]. Bignoniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
379 [377]. Lentibulariaceae Rich., nom. cons.
380 [381]. Schlegeliaceae Reveal
381 [380]. Thomandersiaceae Sreem.
382 [382]. Verbenaceae J.St.Hil., nom. cons.
383 [373]. Lamiaceae Martinov, nom. cons. (= Labiatae Juss., nom. cons.)
384 [—]. *Mazaceae Reveal
385 [374]. *Phrymaceae Schauer, nom. cons.
386 [375]. Paulowniaceae Nakai
387 [376]. *Orobanchaceae Vent., nom. cons. (including Lindenbergiaceae Doweld, Rehmanniaceae Reveal)

Aquifoliales Senft
388 [385]. Stemonuraceae K˚arehed
389 [386]. Cardiopteridaceae Blume, nom. cons.
390 [387]. Phyllonomaceae Small
391 [388]. Helwingiaceae Decne.
392 [389]. Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.

Asterales Link     
393 [390]. Rousseaceae DC.
394 [391]. Campanulaceae Juss., nom. cons.
395 [392]. Pentaphragmataceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
396 [393]. Stylidiaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
397 [394]. Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw
398 [395]. Phellinaceae Takht.
399 [396]. Argophyllaceae Takht.
400 [397]. Menyanthaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
401 [398]. Goodeniaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
402 [399]. Calyceraceae R.Br. ex Rich., nom. cons.
403 [400]. Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (= Compositae Giseke, nom. cons.)

Escalloniales Link
404 [401]. Escalloniaceae R.Br. ex Dumort., nom. cons.

Bruniales Dumort.     
405 [402]. Columelliaceae D.Don, nom. cons.
406 [403]. Bruniaceae R.Br. ex DC., nom. cons.

Paracryphiales Takht. ex Reveal
407 [404]. Paracryphiaceae Airy Shaw

Dipsacales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
408 [405]. Adoxaceae E.Mey., nom. cons. (= Viburnaceae Raf., nom. cons. prop.)
409 [406]. Caprifoliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
 
Apiales Nakai
410 [407]. Pennantiaceae J.Agardh
411 [408]. Torricelliaceae Hu
412 [409]. Griseliniaceae Takht., nom. cons. prop.
413 [410]. Pittosporaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
414 [411]. Araliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
415 [412]. Myodocarpaceae Doweld
416 [413]. Apiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Umbelliferae Juss., nom. cons.)

Estilos Citas Referencias Bibliográficas

🗯 1906 Chicago style (Business, History, Art, Humanidades, Literatura, Ciencias Sociales) v.17 The University of Chicago
🗯 1929 APA American Psychological Association (Education, Psychology, Social Sciences) V7
🗯 1954 MLA 1883 Modern Language Association (Humanities, Ciencias Sociales, Lengua, Literatura) 2016
🗯 1975 ISO 690:2010
🗯 1978 Vancouver (Health Sciences, Biomedicina)
🗯 Harvard (Física, Ciencias Naturales y Sociales) 
🗯 CSE (Council of Science Editors) (Biology, nature science)
🗯 McGill (Law) Canada
🗯 ICONTEC – NTC 1486 
🗯 Çédille (estudios franceses)
🗯 Indigenous Citation Styles - Citation Style Guide - LibGuides at Dalhousie University

Aconitum napellus L.

Se encuentra en las zonas montañosas (hasta los 2000 m s. n. m.) de Europa, salvo en la región mediterránea, se extiende por el oeste hasta la cordillera del Himalaya. Se encuentra junto a los cursos de agua y en los bosques en lugares húmedos y sombríos.Napellus significa "pequeño nabo" y hace referencia a la forma de la raíz. Según una antigua leyenda, la vaca fue engendrada por la sangre de Prometeo, el dios griego de la trampa y de la creación de la humanidad. Tanto los médicos griegos como los romanos ya recomendaban evitar su uso excepto para matar escorpiones. Avicena, el gran médico persa, fue el primero en utilizarla con fines medicinales.

Todas las partes de las plantas del género Aconitum contienen alcaloides, principalmente aconitina, cuya elevada toxicidad supone un riesgo incluso en cantidades mínimas por sus potentes efectos cardiotóxicos y neurotóxicos.4 Bastan 2 mg de sustancia para provocar la muerte a un ser humano adulto. Las raíces son el órgano más rico en aconitina, pero toda la planta es peligrosa, incluyendo sus semillas. El acónito supone una fuente oculta de envenenamiento en infusiones de hierbas no tóxicas, contaminadas con sus raíces. En Asia, donde se considera que el acónito posee efectos beneficiosos para la salud, se producen envenenamientos graves e incluso mortales, como consecuencia de la utilización de las raíces en la preparación de sopas y comidas. 

Chan TY (2015 Aug). «Incidence and Causes of Aconitum Alkaloid Poisoning in Hong Kong from 1989 to 2010»

Reino: Plantae 

Subreino: Tracheobionta 

División: Magnoliophyta 

Clase: Magnoliopsida Subclase: Magnoliidae

 Orden: Ranunculales

 Familia: Ranunculaceae 

Subfamilia: Ranunculoideae 

Tribu: Delphinieae 

Género: Aconitum

 Especie: A. napellus L., 1753

Scoville scale - Capsicum sp.

🌶️ Capsaicina pura (C₁₈H₂₇NO₃)
15,000,000 - 16,000,000

🌶️ Nordihydrocapsaicin C₁₇H₂₇NO₃ (capsaicinoid, analog, congener)
9,100,000

🌶️ Pepper Spray (OC: Oleoresin Capsicum) inflamatorio
2,000,000 - 5,300,00

🌶 Carolina Reaper 🇺🇸 (Naga Bhut Jolokia X Chile habanero Jacq.)
2,200,000

🌶 Naga Jolokia 🇮🇳 (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
855,000 - 1,041,427

🌶 Dorset Naga 🇬🇧 (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
876,000 - 970,000

🌶 Red Savina Habanero 🇨🇺 (Capsicum chinense 'Red Savina')
350,000 - 577,000

🌶 Habanero Chile 🇲🇽 Sudamérica (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
100,000 - 350,000

🌶 Scotch Bonnet 🇯🇲 (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
100,000 - 350,000

🌶 Jamaican Hot Pepper 🇯🇲 (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
100,000 - 200,000

🌶 Tien Tsin Chiles 🇨🇳 (Capsicum annuum L.)
60,000 - 75,000

🌶 Thai Chili Pepper 🇲🇽 (Capsicum annuum L. 'Bird's Eye')
50,000 - 100,000

🌶 Cayenne Pepper 🇬🇫 (Capsicum annuum L.)
30,000 - 50,000

🌶️ Serrano Pepper 🇲🇽
10,000 - 23,000

🌶 Wax Pepper 🇭🇺 (Capsicum annuum L.)
5,000 - 10,000

🌶️ Jalapeño Pepper 🇲🇽 (Capsicum annuum L.)
2,500 - 10,000

🌶 Rocotillo Pepper 🇵🇪 (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
1,500 - 2,500

🌶 Poblano Pepper: Puebla 🇲🇽
1,000 - 2,000

🌶 Anaheim Pepper 🇺🇸 (Capsicum annuum L. 'Anaheim', 'California Green')
500 - 3,000

🌶 Pimento Capsicum L.
100 - 500

🫑 Bell Pepper, Chile Dulce (Capsicum annuum L.)
0

Glycine max (L.) Merr., 1917 - Soja

Es la planta transgénica más cultivada.

Utilizada en China durante más de 5000 años. 

 

Etimología Glycine: proviene de Linnaeus. Al nombrar el género, Linneo observó que una de las especies del género tenía una raíz dulce. Basándose en la dulzura, la palabra griega para dulce, glykós, fue latinizada.6 El nombre del género no está relacionado con el aminoácido glicina.

 

Nativa: Extremo Oriente: China, Japón

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reino: Plantae 

División: Magnoliophyta 

Clase: Magnoliopsida 

Subclase: Rosidae

Orden: Fabales 

Familia: Fabaceae 

Subfamilia: Faboideae 

Tribu: Phaseoleae 

Subtribu: Glycininae 

Género: Glycine 

Especie: Glycine max (L.) Merr., 1917 

 

Utilizada en: Fitotecnologías, Mejora genética e hibridación en agricultura.

Index scientific names (IAPT)

🧬🧾 Index of scientific names 🌿

🇦 🌴🏝 🥥 🇨🇦🍁Acer rubrum L. 🥭Anacardiaceae 🌼🌻Asteraceae 🍍 🥝 🥬🥕Apiaceae 🎋Asparagaceae 🧄Allium sativum 🧅Allium cepa Amaryllidaceae

 Abies alcoquiana Veitch ex Lindl..............................60.Ex.28

– balsamea (L.) Mill.......................................23.Ex.5+7

– “koreana var. yuanbaoshanensis”............................30.Ex.10

“Abrus Abrus”..........................................10.Ex.10

Abutilon glaziovii K. Schum.................................60.Ex.29

Acacia bancroftiorum Maiden, ‘Bancrofti’.......................60.Ex.25

– brandegeeana I. M. Johnst., ‘brandegeana’......................60.Ex.31

– nelsonii Maslin........................................6.Ex.18

– nelsonii Saff...........................................6.Ex.18

Acaena anserinifolia (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) J. Armstr...............H.10.Ex.4

– ×anserovina Orchard....................................H.10.Ex.4

– ovina A. Cunn.........................................H.10.Ex.4

Acanthoeca W. N. Ellis....................................53.*Ex.10

Acanthoica Lohmann.....................................53.*Ex.10

Acanthopanax (Decne. & Planch.) Miq..........................23.Ex.8

– trifoliatus (L.) Voss, ‘trifoliatum’............................23.Ex.8

Acer pseudoplatanus L., ‘pseudo-platanus’.......................60.Ex.40

Aceras R. Br............................................62.Ex.6

Achyranthes L...........................................10.Ex.11

– aspera L.............................................10.Ex.11

– repens L.............................................10.Ex.11

Acidosasa B. M. Yang.....................................55.Ex.6

Acidosasa C. D. Chu & C. S. Chao............................55.Ex.6

“Acisanthera Acisanthera”.................................10.Ex.10

Acrospelion Bess.........................................46.Ex.39

Adansonia grandidieri Baill..................................9.Ex.4

Adenanthera bicolor Moon..................................7.Ex.9

Adiantum capillus-veneris L.................................23.Ex.1

Adonis L..............................................62.*Ex.1

Aesculus L.............................................11.Ex.6

Aextoxicaceae..........................................18.Ex.1

Aextoxicon Ruiz & Pav.....................................18.Ex.1

Agaricaceae...........................................37.Ex.6

Agaricus L.............................................41.Ex.9

– “tribus” [unranked] Hypholoma Fr. : Fr.........................41.Ex.9

– “tribus” [unranked] Pholiota Fr. : Fr...........................F.4.Ex.1

– atricapillus Batsch......................................F.3.Ex.4

– cervinus Hoffm.........................................F.3.Ex.4

– cervinus Schaeff........................................F.3.Ex.4

– cinereus Schaeff. : Fr.....................................23.Ex.17

– compactus [unranked] sarcocephalus (Fr. : Fr.) Fr. : Fr...............F.3A.Ex.2

– equestris L. : Fr.........................................F.3.Ex.5

– ericetorum Pers.........................................F.3.Ex.1

– fascicularis Huds. : Fr....................................41.Ex.9

– flavovirens Pers........................................F.3.Ex.5

– rhacodes Vittad., ‘rachodes’...............................60.*Ex.2

– sarcocephalus Fr........................................F.3A.Ex.2

– umbelliferus L.........................................F.3.Ex.1

Agathophyllum Juss.......................................55.Ex.1

– neesianum Blume.......................................55.Ex.1

Agati Adans............................................62.Ex.9

×Agroelymus E. G. Camus ex A. Camus.........................11.Ex.41; H.8.Ex.1

×Agrohordeum E. G. Camus ex A. Camus........................H.8.Ex.1; H.9.Ex.1

×Agropogon P. Fourn......................................H.3.Ex.1; H.6.Ex.1

– littoralis (Sm.) C. E. Hubb.................................H.3.Ex.1

Agropyron Gaertn........................................11.Ex.41; H.8.Ex.1; H.9.Ex.1

– desertorum f. pilosiusculum Melderis..........................41.Ex.18

– – var. pilosiusculum (Melderis) H. L. Yang......................41.Ex.18

– japonicum Honda.......................................27.Ex.1; 55.Ex.3

– japonicum (Miq.) P. Candargy..............................27.Ex.1; 55.Ex.3

– – var. hackelianum Honda.................................27.Ex.1; 55.Ex.3

– kamoji Ohwi..........................................60.Ex.21

Agrostis L.............................................23.Ex.18; H.2.Ex.1; H.6.Ex.1

– alpina Scop...........................................23.Ex.18

– radiata L.............................................52.Ex.14

– stolonifera L..........................................H.2.Ex.1

Aikinia brunonis Wall......................................46.Ex.3

Albizia Durazz..........................................F.9.Ex.1

Albugo arenosa Mirzaee & Thines.............................F.5.Ex.1

Alcicornopteris hallei J. Walton..............................1.Ex.1

Aletris punicea Labill......................................52.Ex.11

Alexitoxicon St.-Lag.......................................51.Ex.1

Algae................................................13.1(e)

Alkanna Tausch.........................................11.Ex.18

– matthioli Tausch.......................................11.Ex.18

– tinctoria Tausch........................................11.Ex.18

Allium antonii-bolosii P. Palau, ‘a.-bolosii’.......................60.Ex.49

Aloe perfoliata L.........................................24.Ex.6

– – var. vera L...........................................6.Ex.12; 24.Ex.6

– vera (L.) Burm. f........................................6.Ex.12

Alpinia L..............................................55.Ex.4

Alpinia Roxb...........................................55.Ex.4

– galanga (L.) Willd.......................................55.Ex.4

– languas J. F. Gmel.......................................55.Ex.4

Alsophila kalbreyeri Baker..................................6.Ex.1; 41.Ex.24

– podophylla Baker.......................................6.Ex.1

Alternaria Nees : Fr.......................................14.Ex.13

Alyssum flahaultianum Emb..................................39.Ex.3

Alyxia ceylanica Wight....................................60.Ex.1

Amaranthaceae.........................................10.Ex.11

Amaranthus L...........................................60.Ex.1

– caudatus L............................................10.Ex.11

×Amarcrinum Coutts......................................H.6.Ex.2

Amaryllidaceae.........................................53.Ex.1

Amaryllis L............................................H.6.Ex.2

Amblyanthera Blume......................................53.Ex.7

Amblyanthera Müll. Arg....................................53.Ex.7

Amerimnon brownei Jacq...................................6.Ex.3

Ammanthus Boiss. & Heldr..................................6.Ex.10

Amorphophallus campanulatus Decne...........................48.Ex.2

Ampelopsis cantoniensis var. grossedentata Hand.-Mazz...............41.Ex.19

Amphiprora Ehrenb.......................................45.Ex.1

Amphitecna Miers........................................14.Ex.7

Amygdalaceae..........................................19.Ex.6

Amygdaloideae.........................................19.Ex.6

Amygdalus L............................................19.Ex.6

Anacamptis Rich.........................................H.6.Ex.1

Anacyclus L............................................10.Ex.1

– valentinus L...........................................10.Ex.1

Anaeromyces polycephalus (Y. C. Chen & al.) Fliegerová & al...........29.Ex.1

Anagallis arvensis subsp. caerulea Hartm.........................53.Ex.15

– – var. caerulea (L.) Gouan.................................53.Ex.15

– caerulea L............................................53.Ex.15

– caerulea Schreb........................................53.Ex.15

“Ananas Ananas”........................................10.Ex.10

Anchusa lanata L.........................................24.Ex.9

Andreaea angustata......................................46.Ex.44

Andromeda polifolia L.....................................60.Ex.38

Andropogon L...........................................62.Ex.4

– distachyos L., ‘distachyon’.................................23.Ex.9

– drummondii Steud.......................................46.Ex.27

– fasciculatus L..........................................52.Ex.14

– martini Roxb..........................................41.Ex.5

– sorghum subsp. halepensis (L.) Hack..........................53.Ex.14

– – var. halepensis (L.) Hack.................................53.Ex.14

Anemone alpina L........................................9.Ex.6

– ×elegans Decne........................................11.Ex.40

– hupehensis (Lemoine & É. Lemoine) Lemoine & É. Lemoine..........11.Ex.40

– ×hybrida Paxton.......................................11.Ex.40

– vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC.................................11.Ex.40

Angiospermae..........................................16.Ex.2

Annona L..............................................F.9.Ex.1

“Anonymos”...........................................20.Ex.9

– “aquatica”...........................................35.Ex.3

Anoplon Rchb...........................................46.Ex.26

×Anthematricaria Asch., ‘Anthe-Matricaria’......................H.6.Ex.5

Anthemis L.............................................H.6.Ex.5

– subg. Ammanthus (Boiss. & Heldr.) R. Fern......................6.Ex.10

– valentina L............................................10.Ex.1

Anthocerotae...........................................13.1(c)

Anthophyta............................................16.Ex.2

“Anthopogon”..........................................20.N.2

Anthyllis sect. Aspalathoides DC...............................41.Ex.1; 49.Ex.2

– barba-jovis L., ‘Barba jovis’...............................23.Ex.20

Antidesmatinae.........................................19A.Ex.1

Antidesmatoideae........................................19A.Ex.1

Antirrhinum spurium L.....................................11.Ex.8

Apiaceae..............................................18.5

Apios Fabr.............................................52.Ex.9

– americana Medik.......................................52.Ex.9

– tuberosa Moench.......................................52.Ex.9

Apium L...............................................18.5

Apocynum androsaemifolium L., ‘fol. [foliis] androsaemi’.............23.Ex.22

×Arabidobrassica Gleba & Fr. Hoffm...........................H.9.Ex.3

Arabidopsis Heynh........................................H.9.Ex.3

– thaliana (L.) Heynh......................................H.9.Ex.3

Arabis “Sekt. Brassicarabis”................................39.Ex.1

– “Sekt. Brassicoturritis”...................................39.Ex.1

– beckwithii S. Watson....................................47.Ex.1

– shockleyi Munz........................................47.Ex.1

Arachnis Blume.........................................H.6.Ex.6–7; H.8.Ex.3

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., ‘uva ursi’....................60.Ex.42

Ardisia pentagona A. DC...................................51.Ex.2

– quinquegona Blume.....................................51.Ex.2

Areca L...............................................18.5

Arecaceae.............................................18.5

Arenaria L.............................................11.Ex.12

– ser. Anomalae McNeill...................................21.Ex.1

– stricta Michx..........................................11.Ex.12

– uliginosa Schleich. ex Schltdl...............................11.Ex.12

Arnica chamissonis Less....................................60.Ex.30

Aronia arbutifolia var. nigra (Willd.) F. Seym......................41.Ex.17

Artemisia nova A. Nelson...................................23.Ex.15

Arum campanulatum Roxb..................................48.Ex.2

– dracunculus L.........................................11.Ex.13

Arytera sect. Mischarytera Radlk..............................6.Ex.6

Ascomycetes...........................................16.Ex.2

Ascomycota............................................16.Ex.2; 38.Ex.8; F.8.1, N.3

Ascomycotina..........................................16.Ex.2

Aspalathoides (DC.) K. Koch................................41.Ex.1; 49.Ex.2

Asparagus kansuensis F. T. Wang & Tang ex S. C. Chen..............8.Ex.1

– tamaboki Yatabe.......................................60.Ex.21

Asperococcus castaneus Hook................................46.Ex.24

– pusillus Carmich........................................46.Ex.24

Aspidium ciliatum Wall. ex Benth..............................11.Ex.17

Asplenium L............................................23.*Ex.23

– dentatum L., ‘Trich. dentatum’..............................23.*Ex.23

Aster L...............................................11.Ex.39; 18.5

– novae-angliae L., ‘novae angliae’............................60.Ex.42

Asteraceae............................................18.5; 29.Ex.3

×Asterago Everett.......................................11.Ex.39

Asterostemma Decne......................................53.*Ex.8

Astragalus alpinus L......................................6.Ex.17

– cariensis Boiss.........................................53.Ex.3

– (Cycloglottis) contortuplicatus L.............................21A.Ex.1

– matthewsiae Podlech & Kirchhoff, ‘matthewsii’...................60.Ex.23

– matthewsii S. Watson....................................60.Ex.23

– penduliflorus Lam.......................................6.Ex.17

– rhizanthus Boiss........................................53.Ex.3

– rhizanthus Royle ex Benth.................................53.Ex.3

– trimestris L...........................................9.Ex.9

– (Phaca) umbellatus Pers...................................21A.Ex.1

Astrostemma Benth.......................................53.*Ex.8

Atherospermataceae, ‘Atherospermeae’.........................18.Ex.9

Athyrium austro-occidentale Ching............................60.Ex.41

Atriplex L..............................................23.Ex.15; 62.*Ex.1

– “nova”.............................................23.Ex.15

Atropa bella-donna L......................................23.Ex.1

– sideroxyloides Willd.....................................46.Ex.15

Avena L...............................................46.Ex.39

🇧 🌼 🍍Bromeliacea 🥦

 Baloghia pininsularis Guillaumin.............................40.Ex.4; 46.Ex.22

Bartlingia Brongn........................................50C.Ex.3

Bartramia L............................................20.Ex.1

Basidiomycota..........................................F.8.1, N.3

Batodendron Chachlov....................................43.Ex.2

Batodendron Nutt........................................43.Ex.2

Bauhinia emarginata Roxb. ex G. Don..........................52.Ex.8

– retusa Roxb...........................................7.Ex.5; 52.Ex.8

– roxburghiana Voigt.....................................7.Ex.5; 52.Ex.8

– semla Wunderlin.......................................7.Ex.5; 52.Ex.8

×Beallara Moir.........................................H.6.Ex.6

Behen Moench..........................................11.Ex.14

– vulgaris Moench.......................................11.Ex.14

Belladonna Sweet........................................H.6.Ex.2

Berberis L.............................................14.Ex.2

Besenna A. Rich.........................................36.Ex.8

– anthelmintica A. Rich....................................36.Ex.8

Betula alba L...........................................50E.Ex.4

Biatorina A. Massal.......................................10.Ex.7

– atropurpurea (Schaer.) A. Massal.............................10.Ex.7

– griffithii (Ach.) A. Massal..................................10.Ex.7

Blandfordia backhousei Gunn & Lindl., ‘backhousii’.................60.Ex.31

– grandiflora R. Br.......................................52.Ex.11

Blephilia Raf...........................................35.Ex.6

Blumea DC.............................................14.Ex.11

Blumea Rchb...........................................14.Ex.11

Boletellus Murrill........................................62A.Ex.1

Boletus L. : Fr...........................................52.Ex.12; 62A.Ex.1

– edulis Bull. : Fr.........................................52.Ex.12

– lacrimans Wulfen, ‘lacrymans’..............................F.3.Ex.2

– piperatus Bull. : Fr......................................F.3A.Ex.1

– ungulatus Schaeff.......................................23.Ex.17

Bouchea Cham..........................................60B.Ex.1

Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss., ‘Buginvillaea’.....................60.Ex.8

Bovista dermoxantha Vitt...................................57.Ex.1

– furfuracea Pers. : Pers....................................57.Ex.1

– limosa Rostr...........................................57.Ex.1

– pusilla (Batsch : Pers.) Pers.................................57.Ex.1

Brachypodium P. Beauv....................................23.Ex.9

– distachyon (L.) P. Beauv., ‘distachyum’........................23.Ex.6+9

– japonicum Miq., ‘iaponicum’...............................60.Ex.15

Braddleya Vell..........................................53.*Ex.9

Bradlea Adans..........................................53.*Ex.9

Bradleja Banks ex Gaertn...................................53.*Ex.9

Brassavola R. Br.........................................H.6.Ex.5

Brassia R. Br...........................................H.6.Ex.6

Brassica L.............................................18.5; H.9.Ex.3

– campestris L..........................................H.9.Ex.3

– napus L..............................................53.*Ex.12

– nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch..................................23.Ex.5

Brassicaceae...........................................18.5

×Brassocattleya Rolfe, ‘Brasso-Cattleya’........................H.6.Ex.5

Brazzeia Baill...........................................36.Ex.9

Bromelia L.............................................16.Ex.1

Bromeliineae...........................................16.Ex.1

Bromus distachyos L......................................23.Ex.6+9

– inermis subsp. pumpellianus (Scribn.) Wagnon...................36.Ex.14

– – var. pumpellianus (Scribn.) C. L. Hitchc.......................36.Ex.14

– mollis L..............................................23.Ex.5

– pumpellianus Scribn.....................................36.Ex.14

– sterilis L.............................................14.Ex.9

Brosimum Sw...........................................36.Ex.11

Brugmansia aurea Harrison.................................38.Ex.9

Brunfelsia L., ‘Brunsfelsia’..................................13.Ex.4

Bryopsis J. V. Lamour.....................................30.Ex.15

Bupleurum hamiltonii var. paucefulcrans (C. Y. Wu ex R. H. Shan & Yin Li) M. L. Sheh & M. Watson 46.Ex.20

– tenue var. paucefulcrans C. Y. Wu ex R. H. Shan & Yin Li...........46.Ex.20

🇨 🌵🏜Carnegiea gigantea Cactaceae 🌶🫑Capsicum 🇱🇧Cedrus libani A.Rich. 🍊🍋Citrus sp. 🍉 🍠Convolvulaceae 🥥 🥒Cucurbitaceae

Cacalia napaeifolia DC., ‘napeaefolia’..........................60.Ex.37

Cactaceae.............................................18.Ex.3

Cactales..............................................16.Ex.4

Cactus L..............................................16.Ex.4; 18.Ex.3; 22.Ex.5; 41.Ex.6

– [unranked] Melocactus L..................................22.Ex.5

– ficus-indica L..........................................41.Ex.6

– mammillaris L.........................................22.Ex.5

– melocactus L..........................................22.Ex.5

– opuntia L.............................................41.Ex.6

Caenopteris Bergius......................................10.Ex.8

– furcata Bergius........................................10.Ex.8

– rutifolia Bergius........................................10.Ex.8

Cainito Adans...........................................52.Ex.1

Calandrinia Kunth.......................................58.Ex.1

– polyandra Benth........................................58.Ex.1

Callicarpa L............................................62.Ex.3

Callistemon R. Br........................................60G.Ex.1

Callixene Comm. ex Juss...................................14.Ex.5

Calluna Salisb...........................................H.9.Ex.2

– vulgaris (L.) Hull.......................................H.9.Ex.2

Calothyrsus Spach.......................................11.Ex.6

Calycothrix Meisn........................................55.Ex.2

– sect. Brachychaetae Nied..................................55.Ex.2

Calyptridium Nutt........................................46.Ex.6

– monandrum Nutt........................................46.Ex.6

Calytrix Labill...........................................55.Ex.2

Cambogia gummi-gutta L., ‘G. gutta’...........................23.*Ex.23

Camellia L.............................................13.Ex.3

Campanopsis (R. Br.) Kuntze................................11.Ex.2

Campanula sect. Campanopsis R. Br............................11.Ex.2

Canarium pimela K. D. Koenig...............................6.Ex.2

Candida populi Hagler & al..................................8.Ex.12

Canna L...............................................6.Ex.7

– indica L..............................................6.Ex.7

Cannaceae............................................6.Ex.7

Cantharellus tubaeformis Fr.................................60G.Ex.2

Capnoides Mill..........................................23.Ex.8

– chaerophylla (DC.) Kuntze, ‘chaerophyllum’....................23.Ex.8

Cardamine L...........................................11.Ex.20

Cardaminum Moench.....................................14.Ex.3

Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758)..............................8.Ex.2

Carex L...............................................37.Ex.4; 60G.Ex.3

– sect. “Eucarex”........................................21.Ex.3

– [unranked] Scirpinae Tuck.................................37.Ex.4

– sect. Scirpinae (Tuck.) Kük.................................37.Ex.4

– “bebbii”.............................................50B.Ex.1

– henryi (C. B. Clarke) T. Koyama.............................41.Ex.30

– longicruris var. henryi C. B. Clarke...........................41.Ex.30

Carica L..............................................60G.Ex.3

Carpinaceae...........................................52.Ex.17

Carpinus L.............................................52.Ex.17

Caryophyllaceae........................................18.Ex.6; 19.Ex.8

Caryophyllales..........................................16.Ex.1

Caryophyllidae.........................................16.Ex.1

Caryophylloideae........................................19.Ex.8

Caryophyllus Mill........................................16.Ex.1; 18.Ex.6; 19.Ex.8

Cassia [unranked] Chamaecrista L.............................10.Ex.13; 32.Ex.1; 41.Ex.11

– chamaecrista L.........................................10.Ex.13; 41.Ex.11

Castanella Spruce ex Benth. & Hook. f..........................10.Ex.2

– granatensis Planch. & Linden...............................10.Ex.2

Cattleya Lindl...........................................H.6.Ex.5+7

Caulerpa racemosa (Forssk.) J. Agardh.........................7.Ex.8

– – var. racemosa........................................7.Ex.8

Caulinia Moench........................................22.Ex.7

Caulinia Willd..........................................22.Ex.7

– sect. Hardenbergia (Benth.) Kuntze...........................22.Ex.7

Caulokaempferia dinabandhuana Biseshwori & Bipin, ‘dinabandhuensis’...60.Ex.19

Cedrus Trew...........................................62.*Ex.1

Celsia sect. Aulacospermae Murb..............................53.Ex.17

Cenomyce ecmocyna Ach...................................58.Ex.6

Centaurea L............................................6.Ex.16

– subg. Crupina Pers......................................6.Ex.9

– amara L.............................................47.Ex.3

– – subsp. weldeniana (Rchb.) Kušan...........................6.Ex.13

– benedicta (L.) L........................................6.Ex.8

– chartolepis Greuter......................................6.Ex.16

– crupina L.............................................6.Ex.9

– funkii var. xeranthemoides Lange ex Willk.......................46.Ex.37

– intermedia Mutel.......................................6.Ex.16

– jacea L..............................................47.Ex.3

– – subsp. weldeniana (Rchb.) Greuter..........................6.Ex.13

– – var. weldeniana (Rchb.) Briq..............................6.Ex.13

– weldeniana Rchb........................................6.Ex.13

Centrospermae..........................................16.Ex.2

Cephaëlis Sw. ..........................................60.7

– acanthacea Steyerm......................................8.Ex.7

Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook., ‘fortuni’..........................60.Ex.31

Cephalotos Adans........................................53.Ex.13

Cephalotus Labill........................................53.Ex.13

Ceratocystis omanensis Al-Subhi & al...........................31.Ex.4

Cercospora aleuritidis Miyake...............................F.8.Ex.2

Cereus jamacaru DC......................................60.*Ex.10

Cervicina Delile.........................................11.Ex.2

Chamaecrista (L.) Moench..................................41.Ex.11

– leonardiae Britton, ‘Leonardae’.............................60.Ex.26

Chamaecyparis Spach.....................................H.6.Ex.1

Chartolepis intermedia Boiss.................................6.Ex.16

Chenopodium L..........................................10.Ex.11

– album L..............................................10.Ex.11

– loureiroi Steud., ‘loureirei’................................60.Ex.31

– rubrum L.............................................10.Ex.11

Chloris Sw.............................................52.Ex.14

– radiata (L.) Sw.........................................52.Ex.14

Chlorophyta...........................................16.Ex.2

Chlorosarcina Gerneck....................................7.Ex.15

– elegans Gerneck.......................................7.Ex.15

– minor Gerneck.........................................7.Ex.15

Chlorosphaera G. A. Klebs.................................7.Ex.15

Chrysophyllum L.........................................52.Ex.1

Cicatricosisporites R. Potonié & Gelletich, ‘Cicatricosi-sporites’........60.Ex.45

Cineraria sect. Eriopappus Dumort.............................49.Ex.3

Cistus aegyptiacus L......................................49.Ex.4

Cladium iridifolium (Bory) Baker.............................41.Ex.25

Cladonia abbatiana S. Stenroos..............................60.Ex.33

– ecmocyna Leight........................................58.Ex.6

Cladosporium humile Davis.................................F.8.Ex.3

Claudopus Gillet........................................11.Ex.21

Cleistogenes Keng.......................................20.Ex.5

Clematis L.............................................30.Ex.14

Clianthus Sol. ex Lindl.....................................11.Ex.25

– dampieri Lindl.........................................11.Ex.25

– formosus (G. Don) Ford & Vickery...........................11.Ex.25

– oxleyi Lindl...........................................11.Ex.25

– speciosus (G. Don) Asch. & Graebn...........................11.Ex.25

– speciosus (Endl.) Steud...................................11.Ex.25

Climacioideae..........................................19.Ex.10

Closterium dianae Ehrenb. ex Ralfs............................46.Ex.42

Clusia L...............................................18.5

Clusiaceae............................................18.5

Clutia L...............................................60.Ex.27

Clypeola jonthlaspi L......................................60.Ex.14

– “minor”.............................................33.Ex.1

Cnicus benedictus L.......................................6.Ex.8

Cocculus DC...........................................58.Ex.5

– villosus DC...........................................58.Ex.5

Cochlioda Lindl.........................................H.6.Ex.6

Codium geppiorum O. C. Schmidt, ‘geppii’.......................60.Ex.24

Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm...............................H.8.Ex.2

×Cogniauxara Garay & H. R. Sweet...........................H.6.Ex.6; H.8.Ex.3

Coix lacryma-jobi L., ‘lacryma jobi’...........................60.Ex.42

Collaea DC............................................60B.1(a)

Collema nummularium Dufour ex Durieu & Mont...................38.Ex.10

Cololejeunea (Spruce) Steph.................................41.Ex.12

– elegans Steph..........................................41.Ex.12

Columella Lour..........................................53.Ex.13

Columellia Ruiz & Pav.....................................53.Ex.13

Combretaceae..........................................14.Ex.4

Combretum Loefl.........................................50E.Ex.2

Comparettia Poepp. & Endl..................................H.6.Ex.7

Compositae............................................18.5; 46.Ex.37; 53.Ex.4

Conferva ebenea Dillwyn...................................7.Ex.3

Coniferae.............................................16.Ex.2

“Conophyton”..........................................36.Ex.4

Conophytum N. E. Br......................................36.Ex.4

– littlewoodii L. Bolus.....................................41.Ex.16

– marginatum subsp. littlewoodii (L. Bolus) S. A. Hammer.............41.Ex.16

Convolvulus L...........................................20.Ex.1; 37.Ex.3

– [unranked] Soldanellae House..............................37.Ex.3

– bicolor Vahl..........................................7.Ex.6

– bracteatus Vahl........................................7.Ex.6

– cantabrica L...........................................23.Ex.7

– loureiroi G. Don, ‘loureiri’................................60.Ex.31

Coralloides gorgonina Bory.................................36.Ex.3

Coriaria L.............................................16.Ex.4

Coriariales............................................16.Ex.4

Coriolus Quél...........................................10.Ex.9

– lutescens (Pers.) Quél.....................................10.Ex.9

Cornus “gharaf”........................................23.Ex.16

– paucinervis Hance......................................11.Ex.37

– paucinervis Heer.......................................11.Ex.37

– sanguinea L...........................................23.Ex.1

Coronilla argentea L......................................9.Ex.2

Correa Andrews.........................................60B.1(a)

Cortinarius balteatotomentosus Rob. Henry.......................46.Ex.29

– collinitus var. trivialis (J. E. Lange) A. H. Sm.....................41.Ex.8

– trivialis J. E. Lange.....................................41.Ex.8

Corydalis DC...........................................49.Ex.5

– chaerophylla DC........................................23.Ex.8

– solida (L.) Clairv........................................49.Ex.5

Corynetes ruficollis Fabr...................................F.9.Ex.2

Coscinodiscaceae, ‘Coscinodisceae’...........................18.Ex.8

Costus subg. Metacostus...................................21.Ex.3

Cotyledon sedoides DC.....................................11.Ex.19

Crepis L...............................................46.Ex.12

– lyrata (L.) Froel........................................46.Ex.12

– “praemorsa subsp. tatrensis”...............................38.Ex.4

Cribrosphaera Arkhang....................................54.Ex.1

Cribrosphaera Popofsky...................................54.Ex.1

Cribrosphaerella Deflandre ex Góka...........................54.Ex.1

“×Crindonna”..........................................H.6.Ex.2

Crinum L..............................................H.6.Ex.2

Crocus antalyensioides Rukšāns..............................41A.Ex.1

Croton subg. Geiseleria A. Gray..............................58.Ex.4

– ciliatoglandulifer Ortega, ‘ciliato-glandulifer’....................60.Ex.40

– glandulosus L..........................................58.Ex.4

– nitidulus var. acuminatus Radcl.-Sm...........................40.Ex.3

Cruciferae.............................................18.5

Crupina (Pers.) DC.......................................6.Ex.9

Cucubalus angustifolius Mill.................................52.Ex.4

– behen L..............................................11.Ex.14; 52.Ex.4

– latifolius Mill..........................................52.Ex.4

Cucurbita L............................................10.Ex.10

– argyrosperma C. Huber...................................26.Ex.6

– – var. stenosperma (Pangalo) Merrick & D. M. Bates...............26.Ex.6

– lagenaria L...........................................10.Ex.10

– mixta Pangalo.........................................26.Ex.6

– – var. cyanoperizona Pangalo...............................26.Ex.6

– – var. mixta...........................................26.Ex.6

– – var. stenosperma Pangalo................................26.Ex.6

– pepo L..............................................10.Ex.10

×Cupressocyparis Dallim...................................H.6.Ex.1

Cupressus L............................................H.6.Ex.1

Curculigo Gaertn., ‘Cvrcvligo’...............................60.Ex.11

Cuscutales, ‘Cuscuteae’....................................41.Ex.2

“Cuscuteae”...........................................41.Ex.2

Cuviera DC............................................52.Ex.16

Cuviera Koeler..........................................52.Ex.16

Cyanobacteria..........................................Pre.8

Cybella mendosa VanLand..................................58.Ex.2

Cyclosorus Link.........................................11.Ex.17

– ciliatus (Wall. ex Benth.) Panigrahi...........................11.Ex.17

– tener (Fée) Christenh.....................................11.Ex.17

Cylindrocladiella infestans Boesew.............................41.Ex.15

“Cylindrocladium infestans”................................41.Ex.15

Cymbella subalpina Hust...................................58.Ex.2

– subalpina F. Meister.....................................58.Ex.2

Cymbidium iansonii Rolfe, ‘i’ansoni’...........................60.Ex.46

Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Will. Watson.......................41.Ex.5

Cynoglossum cheirifolium var. lanatum (L.) Lehm...................24.Ex.9

Cyperaceae............................................18.Ex.4

Cyrilloideae...........................................19.Ex.1

Cystocoleus ebeneus (Dillwyn) Thwaites.........................7.Ex.3

Cytisus Desf............................................11.Ex.11

– biflorus L’Hér.........................................11.Ex.11

– fontanesii Spach ex Ball..................................11.Ex.11

🇩 🥕Daucus carota 🎋Dracaena

 Daboecia cantabrica (Huds.) K. Koch..........................23.Ex.5

×Dactyloglossum mixtum (Asch. & Graebn.) Rauschert...............H.8.Ex.2

Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó..............................H.8.Ex.2

Dalbergia brownei (Jacq.) Schinz.............................6.Ex.3

Damapana Adans........................................14.Ex.11

Decarinium Raf..........................................58.Ex.4

Delesseria bonnemaisonii C. Agardh...........................7.Ex.2

– gmelinii J. V. Lamour.....................................7.Ex.2

– palmetta (Stackh.) J. V. Lamour..............................7.Ex.2

Delissea eleeleensis H. St. John...............................8.Ex.5

Delphinium L...........................................10.Ex.6; 37.Ex.8

– “tribus Brevipedunculata”.................................37.Ex.8

– “tribus Involuta”.......................................37.Ex.8

– consolida L...........................................10.Ex.6

– peregrinum L..........................................10.Ex.6

Demidovia tetragonoides Pall.................................60.Ex.39

“Dendrobium sibuyanense”.................................8.Ex.11; 40.Ex.5

Dendromecon Benth.......................................62.Ex.5

Dendrosicus Raf.........................................14.Ex.7

Dentaria L.............................................11.Ex.20

Derbesia Solier.........................................30.Ex.15

Desmidiaceae..........................................13.1(e)

Desmodium bigelovii A. Gray................................60.Ex.29

Desmostachya (Stapf) Stapf.................................53.*Ex.12

Desmostachys Miers......................................53.*Ex.12

Dianthus monspessulanus L..................................23.Ex.1

Dichanthelium hirstii (Swallen) Kartesz in Kartesz & Meacham.........30A.Ex.1

Dichelodontium Hook. f. & Wilson ex Broth.......................46.Ex.19

Didymopanax gleasonii Britton & P. Wilson......................46C.Ex.1

Digitalis grandiflora L.....................................H.3.Ex.3

– mertonensis B. H. Buxton & C. D. Darl.........................H.3.Ex.3

– purpurea L............................................H.3.Ex.3

Dillenia L.............................................60B.1(c)

– suffruticosa (Griff. ex Hook. f. & Thomson) Martelli...............52.Ex.18

Dimeromyces corynetis Thaxter, ‘corynitis’.......................F.9.Ex.2

Dionysia Fenzl..........................................11.Ex.7

– sect. Ariadna Wendelbo..................................11.Ex.7

– sect. Dionysiopsis (Pax) Melch..............................11.Ex.7

Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Haines...........................41.Ex.7

– nummularia var. belophylla Prain............................41.Ex.7

Diospyros L............................................62.*Ex.1

– elliptica (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) P. S. Green....................58.Ex.7

– elliptica Knowlt........................................58.Ex.7

– ellipticifolia Bakh.......................................58.Ex.7

Dipterocarpus C. F. Gaertn..................................62.Ex.3

×Disophyllum..........................................28.Ex.2

Dodecatheon L..........................................22.Ex.4

– sect. “Etubulosa”.......................................22.Ex.4

– meadia L.............................................22.Ex.4

Donia formosa G. Don....................................11.Ex.25

– speciosa G. Don........................................11.Ex.25

Dracula trigonopetala Gary Mey. & Baquero ex A. Doucette...........29.Ex.5

Dracunculus Mill.........................................11.Ex.13

– vulgaris Schott........................................11.Ex.13

Drimys J. R. Forst. & G. Forst................................18.Ex.6

Dryobalanops sumatrensis (J. F. Gmel.) Kosterm....................50E.Ex.5

Dryopteris hirsutosetosa Hieron...............................7.Ex.13

Drypeteae.............................................19A.Ex.1

Drypetinae............................................19A.Ex.1

Durvillaea Bory.........................................53.*Ex.12; 60B.Ex.1

Dussia Krug & Urb. ex Taub.................................6.Ex.5

– martinicensis Krug & Urb. ex Taub...........................6.Ex.5

🇪 🫐

 Eccilia (Fr. : Fr.) P. Kumm..................................11.Ex.21

“Echinocereus sanpedroensis”...............................8.Ex.3

Echinops L.............................................30.Ex.7

– antalyensis C. Vural.....................................30.Ex.7

Echium lycopsis L........................................7.Ex.10

Eclipta erecta L..........................................11.Ex.24

– prostrata (L.) L.........................................11.Ex.24

Ectocarpus mucronatus D. A. Saunders.........................41.Ex.14

“Egeria”.............................................38.Ex.1

Elaeocarpaceae, ‘Elaeocarpeae’..............................46.Ex.8

Elcaja “roka”..........................................23.Ex.16

Elodes Adans...........................................10.Ex.3

×Elyhordeum Mansf. ex Tsitsin & Petrova.......................H.8.Ex.1

×Elymopyrum Cugnac.....................................11.Ex.41

×Elymotriticum P. Fourn....................................H.8.Ex.1

Elymus L..............................................11.Ex.41; H.3.Ex.2; H.8.Ex.1

– europaeus L...........................................52.Ex.16

– farctus (Viv.) Melderis...................................H.5.Ex.1

– – subsp. boreoatlanticus (Simonet & Guin.) Melderis...............H.5.Ex.1

– ×laxus (Fr.) Melderis & D. C. McClint.........................H.5.Ex.1

– repens (L.) Gould.......................................H.5.Ex.1

Embelia sarasiniorum Mez..................................23.Ex.1

Enallagma (Miers) Baill....................................14.Ex.7

Enantioblastae..........................................16.Ex.2

Enargea Banks ex Gaertn...................................14.Ex.5

Encyonema Kütz.........................................58.Ex.2

– subalpinum D. G. Mann..................................58.Ex.2

Endolepis Schleid........................................11.Ex.36

Endolepis Torr..........................................11.Ex.36

Englerastrum Briq........................................60B.Ex.1

Englerella Pierre........................................60B.Ex.1

Engleria O. Hoffm........................................60B.Ex.1

Enteromorpha roberti-lamii H. Parriaud.........................60.Ex.41

Entoloma (Fr. ex Rabenh.) P. Kumm............................11.Ex.21

Epidendrum triquetrum Sw..................................46.Ex.25

Epilichen Clem..........................................38.Ex.5

Epiphyllum Haw.........................................H.6.Ex.1

Equisetum palustre var. americanum Vict.........................6.Ex.6

– – f. fluitans Vict........................................6.Ex.6

Eriastrum Wooton & Standl..................................52.Ex.10

Erica L...............................................19.Ex.4; H.9.Ex.2

– cinerea L.............................................H.9.Ex.2

Ericaceae.............................................19.Ex.4

Ericales..............................................3.Ex.2

×Ericalluna Krüssm.......................................H.9.Ex.2

Ericeae...............................................19.Ex.4

Ericoideae............................................19.Ex.4

Erigeron L.............................................62.*Ex.1

– plantagineus Greene.....................................9.Ex.14

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.............................28.Ex.2

Erioderma chilense Mont...................................35.Ex.8

– – subsp. “velligerum”....................................35.Ex.8

– polycarpum subsp. verruculosum Vain.........................35.Ex.7

Eryngium nothosect. Alpestria Burdet & Miège....................H.9.Ex.1

– sect. Alpina H. Wolff....................................H.9.Ex.1

– sect. Campestria H. Wolff.................................H.9.Ex.1

– amorginum Rech. f......................................60D.Ex.1

Erysimum hieraciifolium var. longisiliquum Rouy & Foucaud...........53.Ex.20

Erythrina falcata Benth.....................................8.Ex.10

Eschweilera DC.........................................53.*Ex.8

Eschweileria Boerl........................................53.*Ex.8

Euanthe Schltr..........................................H.6.Ex.6; H.8.Ex.3

– sanderiana (Rchb.) Schltr..................................H.8.Ex.3

Euastrum pinnatifidum”....................................46.Ex.42

Eucalyptus L’Hér.........................................62.*Ex.1

Eucommia Oliv..........................................38.Ex.20

Eucommiales...........................................38.Ex.20

Eucryphiaceae..........................................46.Ex.7

Eugenia ceibensis Standl....................................8.Ex.8

– costaricensis O. Berg, ‘costa-ricensis’.........................60.Ex.40

Eulophus Nutt. ex DC......................................35.Ex.6

Eunotia gibbosa Grunow...................................38.Ex.17

– rolandschmidtii Metzeltin & Lange-Bert., ‘roland-schmidtii’..........60.Ex.40

Euonymus L., ‘Evonymus’..................................60.Ex.13

Eupenicillium brefeldianum (B. O. Dodge) Stolk & D. B. Scott..........F.8.Ex.1

“Euphlebium sibuyanense”.................................40.Ex.5

Euphorbia subg. Esula Pers..................................10.Ex.12

– subsect. Tenellae (Pax & K. Hoffm.) Pax & K. Hoffm...............21.Ex.1

– sect. Tithymalus (Gaertn.) Roep..............................21.Ex.1

– amygdaloides L........................................H.5.Ex.2

– characias L...........................................H.5.Ex.2

– – subsp. wulfenii (W. D. J. Koch) Radcl.-Sm.....................H.5.Ex.2

– ×cornubiensis Radcl.-Sm..................................H.5.Ex.2

– esula L..............................................10.Ex.12

– “jaroslavii”..........................................36.Ex.12

– ×martini Rouy.........................................H.5.Ex.2

– – nothosubsp. cornubiensis (Radcl.-Sm.) Radcl.-Sm.................H.5.Ex.2

– peplis L..............................................53.*Ex.12

– peplus L.............................................10.Ex.12; 53.*Ex.12

– wulfenii W. D. J. Koch...................................H.5.Ex.2

– yaroslavii Poljak........................................36.Ex.12

Eurya hebeclados Y. Ling..................................9.Ex.8

🇫 🍓Fragaria 🫘Fabaceae 🇱🇰Ficus religiosa

 Faba Mill..............................................18.5

Fabaceae.............................................18.5; 19.8

Faboideae.............................................19.8

Fagus L...............................................62.*Ex.1

– sylvatica L............................................60.Ex.1

Ferreola ellipticifolia Stokes.................................58.Ex.7

Festuca myuros L........................................26.Ex.2

Ficus cooperi Anon.......................................46.Ex.45

– crassipes F. M. Bailey....................................11.Ex.38

– crassipes (Heer) Heer....................................11.Ex.38

– exasperata Vahl........................................50D.Ex.1

– irumuensis De Wild......................................50D.Ex.1

– neoebudarum Summerh., ‘neo-ebudarum’.......................60.Ex.40

– stortophylla Warb.......................................50D.Ex.1

– tiliifolia Baker.........................................11.Ex.38

– tiliifolia (A. Braun) Heer..................................11.Ex.38

– tremula Heer..........................................11.Ex.38

– tremula Warb..........................................11.Ex.38

Filago Loefl............................................20.Ex.1

Filicites sect. Neuropteris Brongn., ‘Nevropteris’...................60.Ex.13

Frankenia leonardiorum Alain, ‘leonardorum’.....................60.Ex.26

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall..............................60D.Ex.1

Fucales...............................................16.Ex.1

Fucus L...............................................16.Ex.1

– palmetta S. G. Gmel.....................................7.Ex.2

– racemosus Forssk.......................................7.Ex.8

Fuirena Rottb...........................................20.Ex.10

– umbellata Rottb........................................35.Ex.4

Fumaria bulbosa var. solida L................................49.Ex.5

– densiflora DC..........................................32.Ex.5

– gussonei Boiss.........................................23.Ex.1

– officinalis L...........................................32.Ex.5

– “×salmonii”..........................................32.Ex.5

– solida (L.) Mill.........................................49.Ex.5

Fungi................................................13.1(d); 37.Ex.6

🇬 🌾

 Galium tricorne Stokes....................................52.Ex.5

– tricornutum Dandy......................................52.Ex.5

– verum L. subsp. verum...................................24.Ex.5

– – var. verum..........................................24.Ex.5

“Ganymedes”..........................................36.Ex.10

Gasteromycetes.........................................F.3.1

Geastrum Pers., ‘Geaster’..................................61.Ex.3

– hygrometricum Pers. : Pers., ‘Geastrvm hygrometricvm’.............60.Ex.12

Geiseleria Klotzsch.......................................58.Ex.4

Gentiana lutea L.........................................6.Ex.6

– pneumonanthe L........................................23.Ex.7

– tenella var. occidentalis J. Rousseau & Raymond..................6.Ex.6

Geranium andicola [unranked] longipedicellatum Loes................37.Ex.5

– longipedicellatum (Loes.) R. Knuth...........................37.Ex.5

– molle L..............................................23.Ex.5

– robertianum L.........................................23.Ex.1

Gerardia L.............................................60B.Ex.1

Gerardiina Engl.........................................53.*Ex.12

Gerrardina Oliv.........................................53.*Ex.12

Giffordia Batters........................................41.Ex.14

– mucronata (D. A. Saunders) Kjeldsen & H. K. Phinney..............41.Ex.14

Gilia grinnellii Brand.....................................7.Ex.7

– splendens Mason & Grant.................................7.Ex.7

– – subsp. grinnellii Mason & Grant............................7.Ex.7

Gilmania Coville........................................53.Ex.18

Ginkgo L..............................................18.Ex.2

Ginkgoaceae...........................................18.Ex.2

Glechoma L., ‘Glecoma’...................................50E.Ex.3

Gleditsia J. Clayton.......................................60.Ex.27

Globba trachycarpa Baker, ‘brachycarpa’.......................60.*Ex.3

Globularia cordifolia L.....................................47A.Ex.1

Glochidion melvilleorum Airy Shaw, ‘melvilliorum’.................60.Ex.31

Gloeosporium balsameae Davis..............................23.Ex.7

Gloriosa L.............................................20.Ex.1

Gluta renghas L., ‘benghas’.................................33.Ex.4; 60.*Ex.6

Glycine apios L..........................................52.Ex.9

Gnaphalium angustifolium Lam...............................6.Ex.14

– barrelieri Ten..........................................11.Ex.4

– conglobatum Viv........................................11.Ex.4

Gnetidae..............................................16.Ex.3

Gnetophytina...........................................16.Ex.1

Gnetopsida............................................16.Ex.3

Gnetum L..............................................16.Ex.1

– “cleistostachyum”......................................40.Ex.1

Goniopteris tenera Fée....................................11.Ex.17

Gonyaulax ellegaardiae K. N. Mertens & al.......................11.Ex.35

Gossypium tomentosum Seem................................46.Ex.32

Graderia Benth..........................................60B.Ex.1

Gramineae............................................18.5; 19.Ex.3

Graphis meridionalis M. Nakan...............................33.Ex.2

Grislea L..............................................50E.Ex.2

Guttiferae.............................................18.5

Gyminda Sarg...........................................48.Ex.3

– grisebachii Sarg........................................48.Ex.3

Gymnadenia R. Br........................................H.6.Ex.1+3

– rubra Wettst...........................................9.Ex.12

×Gymnanacamptis Asch. & Graebn............................H.6.Ex.1

Gymnospermae.........................................16.Ex.2

🇭 🌻Helianthus 🌺Hibiscus L.

Haplanthus T. Anderson...................................55.Ex.5

Haplanthus Nees........................................55.Ex.5

– hygrophiloides T. Anderson................................55.Ex.5

Haptanthus Goldberg & C. Nelson.............................3.Ex.1

Hedysarum L...........................................20.Ex.1

– ecastaphyllum L........................................6.Ex.3

Helianthemum Mill.......................................49.Ex.4

– aegyptiacum (L.) Mill....................................49.Ex.4

– italicum var. micranthum Gren. & Godr.........................11.Ex.15

– penicillatum Thibaud ex Dunal..............................11.Ex.15

– – var. micranthum (Gren. & Godr.) Grosser......................11.Ex.15

Helichrysum angustifolium..................................6.Ex.14

– barrelieri (Ten.) Greuter..................................11.Ex.4

– conglobatum (Viv.) Steud..................................11.Ex.4

– litoreum Guss..........................................6.Ex.14

– stoechas subsp. barrelieri (Ten.) Nyman........................11.Ex.4

Helictotrichon Bess.......................................46.Ex.39

Helleborus niger L........................................23.Ex.5

Hemerocallis L..........................................62.*Ex.1

Hemisphace (Benth.) Opiz..................................41.Ex.4

Hepaticae.............................................13.1(c), Ex.1

Heracleum sibiricum L.....................................11.Ex.27

– – subsp. lecokii (Godr. & Gren.) Nyman........................11.Ex.27

– – subsp. sibiricum......................................11.Ex.27

– sphondylium L.........................................11.Ex.27

– – subsp. sibiricum (L.) Simonk..............................11.Ex.27

Hesperomecon Greene.....................................62.Ex.5

Hesperonia glutinosa Standl.................................41.Ex.28

Hetaeria alta Ridl., ‘alba’..................................60.*Ex.3

Heterochaeta Bess........................................46.Ex.39

Heterotrichum pulchellum Fisch...............................6.Ex.7

Heuchera L............................................H.11.Ex.1

– ×tiarelloides Lemoine & É. Lemoine..........................H.11.Ex.1

×Heucherella tiarelloides (Lemoine & É. Lemoine) H. R. Wehrh.........H.11.Ex.1

Hewittia Wight & Arn.....................................7.Ex.6

– bicolor Wight & Arn.....................................7.Ex.6

Hibiscus ricinifolius E. Mey. ex Harv...........................58.Ex.3

– ricinoides Garcke.......................................58.Ex.3

– vitifolius L............................................58.Ex.3

– – var. ricinifolius Hochr...................................58.Ex.3

Hieracium “armerioides var. genuinum”........................24.Ex.3

– oribates Brenner.......................................7.Ex.11

– piliferum Hoppe........................................24.Ex.3

– – subsp. armerioides (Arv.-Touv.) Rouy........................24.Ex.3

– – var. “genuinum”......................................24.Ex.3

– saxifragum subsp. oreinum Dahlst. ex Brenner....................7.Ex.11

×Holttumara Holttum.....................................H.6.Ex.7; H.8.Ex.3

×Hordelymus Bachteev & Darevsk.............................H.3.Ex.2; H.8.Ex.1

Hordelymus (Jess.) Harz...................................52.Ex.16; H.3.Ex.2; H.8.Ex.1

×Hordeopyron Simonet, ‘Hordeopyrum’.........................H.9.Ex.1

Hordeum L.............................................H.3.Ex.2; H.8.Ex.1; H.9.Ex.1

– [unranked] Hordelymus Jess................................52.Ex.16

Huegelia Rchb..........................................52.Ex.10

Hugelia Benth...........................................52.Ex.10

Hyacinthus L...........................................60A.Ex.1

– non-scriptus L., ‘non scriptus’..............................23.Ex.20

Hyalodiscus Ehrenb.......................................11.Ex.33

– laevis Ehrenb..........................................11.Ex.33

Hydrocoleum glutinosum Gomont.............................46.Ex.41

Hydrophyllum L.........................................60G.Ex.1

Hymenocarpos Savi......................................62.Ex.3

Hypericum aegypticum L...................................10.Ex.3

– buckleyi M. A. Curtis, ‘buckleii’.............................60.Ex.31

– elodes L.............................................10.Ex.3

Hypholoma (Fr. : Fr.) P. Kumm...............................41.Ex.9

– fasciculare (Huds. : Fr.) P. Kumm............................41.Ex.9

Hypocrea dorotheae Samuels & Dodd..........................F.8.Ex.4

Hystrichosphaeridium zoharyi M. Rossignol......................11.Ex.29

🇮 🍠Ipomea batatas

 Ifloga Cass.............................................20.Ex.1

Illiciaceae.............................................49.Ex.10

Illicieae..............................................49.Ex.10

Impatiens L............................................20.Ex.1

– noli-tangere L., ‘noli tangere’..............................23.Ex.1+20

Indigofera longipedunculata Y. Y. Fang & C. Z. Zheng, ‘longipednnculata’.60.Ex.5

Ionopsidium Rchb........................................60.Ex.14

Ionopsis Kunth..........................................H.6.Ex.7

Ionthlaspi Adans.........................................60.Ex.14

Iresine borschii Zumaya & Flores Olv...........................38.Ex.6

Iria (Pers.) R. Hedw.......................................53.*Ex.12

Iris L.................................................53.*Ex.12

Isoëtes L..............................................60.7

🇯

 Jatropha L.............................................60.Ex.14

Johannesteijsmannia magnifica J. Dransf.........................8.Ex.6

Jondraba Medik.........................................60.Ex.14

Juglans californica S. Watson................................52.Ex.15

– major (Torr.) A. Heller...................................52.Ex.15

– rupestris var. major Torr...................................52.Ex.15

“Juncus bufonius var. occidentalis”............................41.Ex.23

Juniperus chinensis L......................................28.Ex.3

– ×pfitzeriana..........................................28.Ex.3

– sabina L.............................................28.Ex.3

🇰

 Karschia Körb..........................................38.Ex.5

Kedarnatha P. K. Mukh. & Constance..........................38.Ex.11

– sanctuarii P. K. Mukh. & Constance..........................38.Ex.11

Kengia Packer..........................................20.Ex.5

Kernera Medik..........................................60B.1(b)

Kratzmannia Opiz.......................................38.Ex.22

Kunzea linearis (Kirk) de Lange..............................H.2.Ex.2

– robusta de Lange & Toelken...............................H.2.Ex.2

Kyllinga Rottb...........................................20.Ex.10

🇱 🥑 ⚜️ 🇬🇹Lauraceae 🌷Liliaceae

 Labiatae..............................................18.5; 53.Ex.1

Labyrinthodictyon Valkanov, ‘Labyrinthodyction’..................45.Ex.4

“Laconiella”...........................................43.Ex.1

– “sardinica”..........................................43.Ex.1

Laelia Lindl............................................H.6.Ex.7

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl............................10.Ex.10

Lamiaceae............................................18.5

Lamium L.............................................18.5

“Lanceolatus”..........................................20.Ex.4

Lapageria Ruiz & Pav.....................................H.9.Ex.1

Lapeirousia Pourr........................................60B.Ex.1

– erythrantha var. welwitschii (Baker) Geerinck & al.................46C.Ex.2

Lasiobelonium corticale (Pers. : Fr.) Raitv........................41.Ex.26

Laurentia frontidentata E. Wimm..............................9.Ex.5; 40.Ex.2

“Lawreymyces”.........................................40.Ex.6

Lecanidion Endl.........................................F.3.Ex.3

Lecanora campestris f. “pseudistera”...........................41.Ex.21

– dissipata Nyl..........................................34.Ex.1

– pseudistera Nyl.........................................41.Ex.21

– saxicola (Pollich) Ach....................................41.Ex.13

Leccinum Gray..........................................52.Ex.12

– edule (Bull. : Fr.) Gray...................................52.Ex.12

Leguminosae...........................................18.5; 19.8

Lejeunea subg. Cololejeunea Spruce...........................41.Ex.12

Lemanea Bory..........................................46.Ex.21; 48.Ex.1

– corallina Bory.........................................48.Ex.1

Lemanea Sirodot........................................46.Ex.21; 48.Ex.1

Leptonia (Fr. : Fr.) P. Kumm.................................11.Ex.21

“Leptosiphon croceus”....................................41.Ex.20

“Leptostachys”.........................................20.N.2

Lespedeza Michx.........................................60.*Ex.10

Leucadendron L.........................................14.Ex.10

×Leucadenia Schltr.......................................H.6.Ex.3

Leucodon nitidus Hook. f. & Wilson...........................46.Ex.19

Leucorchis E. Mey........................................H.6.Ex.3

Lichen debilis Sm........................................46.Ex.17

– gracilis L.............................................58.Ex.6

– muralis Schreb.........................................41.Ex.13

– saxicola Pollich........................................41.Ex.13

Liliales...............................................16.Ex.3

Liliineae..............................................16.Ex.3

Lilium tianschanicum Grubov................................46.Ex.30

Linanthus croceus Eastw....................................41.Ex.20

Linaria Mill............................................11.Ex.8

– “linaria”............................................23.Ex.3

– spuria (L.) Mill.........................................11.Ex.8

“Lindenia”............................................30.Ex.11

Lindera Thunb..........................................50C.Ex.2

Linum multiflorum Lam....................................23.Ex.4

– radiola L.............................................23.Ex.4

Lippia L...............................................19.Ex.5

Lippieae..............................................19.Ex.5

Liquidambar L..........................................20.Ex.1

Liriodendron tulipifera L...................................23.Ex.7

Lithocarpus polystachyus...................................49.Ex.8

Lithospermum tinctorium L..................................11.Ex.18

“Lobata”.............................................20.Ex.4

Lobelia spicata Lam.......................................26.Ex.1

– – var. “originalis”......................................24.Ex.5

– – var. spicata..........................................26.Ex.1

– taccada Gaertn.........................................41.Ex.10

Lobeliaceae............................................18.Ex.4

Lophiolaceae...........................................37.Ex.2

Loranthus (sect. Ischnanthus) gabonensis Engl.....................21A.Ex.1

– macrosolen Steud. ex A. Rich...............................38.Ex.2

Lotus L...............................................62.*Ex.1

Luehea Willd., ‘Lühea’....................................60.Ex.16

Lupinus L..............................................46.Ex.40

Luzuriaga Ruiz & Pav.....................................14.Ex.5

Lycium odonellii F. A. Barkley, ‘o’donellii’.......................60.Ex.46

Lycoperdon Pers.........................................30.Ex.17

– atropurpureum Vittad., ‘atro-purpureum’.......................60.Ex.40

– pusillum Batsch........................................57.Ex.1

Lycopersicon esculentum Mill................................14.Ex.1

– lycopersicum (L.) H. Karst.................................14.Ex.1

Lycophyta.............................................16.Ex.2

Lycopinae.............................................30.Ex.3

Lycopodiophyta.........................................16.Ex.1

Lycopodium L...........................................13.Ex.2; 16.Ex.1

– apodum L............................................61.Ex.2

– clavatum L............................................13.Ex.2

– inundatum L...........................................26.Ex.5

– – var. bigelovii Tuck.....................................26.Ex.5

– – var. inundatum.......................................26.Ex.5

Lyngbya Gomont........................................53.Ex.13

– “glutinosa”...........................................46.Ex.41

Lyngbyea Sommerf.......................................53.Ex.13

Lysiloma Benth..........................................23.Ex.8

– latisiliquum (L.) Benth., ‘latisiliqua’..........................23.Ex.8

Lysimachia hemsleyana Oliv.................................23A.2; 53.*Ex.12

– hemsleyi Franch........................................23A.2; 53.*Ex.12

Lythrum salicaria L.......................................23.Ex.7

🇲 🌺Malvaceae 🥭Mangifera indica 🍏 🍎 🇱🇰Moraceae 🍌Musa × paradisiaca Musaceae 🇬🇩Myristica fragans Houtt. Myristicaceae

Maba elliptica J. R. Forst. & G. Forst...........................58.Ex.7

Machaerina Vahl........................................41.Ex.25

– “iridifolia”...........................................41.Ex.25

Macrosporium Fr.........................................14.Ex.13

Macrothyrsus Spach......................................11.Ex.6

Magnolia L............................................16.Ex.1

– foetida (L.) Sarg........................................11.Ex.5

– grandiflora L..........................................11.Ex.5

– virginiana var. foetida L...................................11.Ex.5

Magnoliophyta..........................................16.Ex.1

Mahonia Nutt...........................................14.Ex.2

– japonica DC...........................................28.Ex.1

Mairia Nees...........................................30.Ex.19

Malaceae.............................................19.Ex.6

Maloideae.............................................19.Ex.6

Malpighia L............................................22.Ex.2

– sect. Apyrae DC........................................22.Ex.2

– subg. Homoiostylis Nied...................................22.Ex.2

– sect. Malpighia........................................22.Ex.2

– subg. Malpighia........................................22.Ex.2

– emarginata DC.........................................46.Ex.16

– glabra L.............................................22.Ex.2

Malpighiaceae..........................................53.Ex.4

Maltea B. Boivin........................................H.6.Ex.4

Malus Mill.............................................19.Ex.6

Malvaceae............................................41.Ex.27

Malvidae..............................................41.Ex.27

Mammillaria Haw........................................18.Ex.3

Manihot Mill...........................................20.Ex.1; 62.Ex.10

Marattia L.............................................16.Ex.1

– rolandi-principis Rosenst., ‘rolandi principis’....................60.Ex.42

Marattiidae............................................16.Ex.1

Martia Spreng...........................................60B.Ex.1

Martiusia Schult.........................................60B.Ex.1

Masdevallia echidna Rchb. f.................................23.Ex.10

Matricaria L............................................H.6.Ex.5

– recutita L.............................................52.Ex.13

– suaveolens L..........................................52.Ex.13

Maxillaria mombachoensis J. T. Atwood.........................46.Ex.49

Mazocarpon M. J. Benson..................................11.Ex.1

Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal...............................49.Ex.1

– polymorpha L..........................................26.Ex.4

– – var. orbicularis L......................................49.Ex.1

Meiandra major Markgr., ‘maior’.............................60.Ex.15

Melampsora ×columbiana G. Newc............................H.3.Ex.1; H.10.Ex.1

– medusae Thüm.........................................H.2.Ex.1; H.10.Ex.1

– occidentalis H. S. Jacks...................................H.2.Ex.1; H.10.Ex.1

Melanthieae...........................................19.Ex.11

Melilotus Mill...........................................60G.Ex.1; 62.*Ex.1

Meliola Fr.............................................41.Ex.21

– albiziae Hansf. & Deighton, ‘albizziae’........................F.9.Ex.1

Meliosma Blume........................................60G.Ex.1

Menispermum hirsutum L...................................58.Ex.5

– villosum Lam..........................................58.Ex.5

Mentha L..............................................51.Ex.1

– aquatica L............................................H.2.Ex.1; H.11.Ex.2

– arvensis L............................................H.2.Ex.1

– ×piperita f. hirsuta Sole..................................H.12.Ex.1

– – L. nothosubsp. piperita..................................H.11.Ex.2

– – nothosubsp. pyramidalis (Ten.) Harley........................H.11.Ex.2

– ×smithiana R. A. Graham.................................H.3.Ex.1

– spicata L.............................................H.2.Ex.1

– – subsp. spicata........................................H.11.Ex.2

– – subsp. tomentosa (Briq.) Harley............................H.11.Ex.2

Merulius lacrimans (Wulfen : Fr.) Schumach. : Fr., ‘lacrymans’.........F.3.Ex.2

Mesembryanthemum L.....................................60.Ex.1

– sect. Minima Haw.......................................36.Ex.4

Mesospora vanbosseae Børgesen, ‘van-bosseae’....................60.Ex.40

Mespilodaphne mauritiana Meisn..............................55.Ex.1

Mespilus L.............................................41.Ex.17

Metasequoia Hu & W. C. Cheng..............................11.Ex.32

Metasequoia Miki........................................11.Ex.32

– disticha (Heer) Miki.....................................11.Ex.32

– glyptostroboides Hu & W. C. Cheng..........................11.Ex.32

Mezoneuron Desf., ‘Mezonevron’.............................60.Ex.13

Micrasterias pinnatifida (Kütz.) ex Ralfs.........................46.Ex.42

Micromeria benthamii Webb & Berthel..........................H.10.Ex.5

– ×benthamineolens Svent...................................H.10.Ex.5

– pineolens Svent.........................................H.10.Ex.5

Microsporidia..........................................Pre.8; 45.N.1; F.1.1

Miltonia Lindl...........................................H.6.Ex.6

Mimosa cineraria L.......................................53.Ex.19+21

– cinerea L.............................................53.Ex.19+21

– latisiliqua L...........................................23.Ex.8

Minthe St.-Lag..........................................51.Ex.1

Minuartia L............................................11.Ex.12

– stricta..............................................11.Ex.12

Mirabilis glutinosa Kuntze..................................41.Ex.28

– glutinosa A. Nels.......................................41.Ex.28

– laevis subsp. glutinosa (Standl.) A. E. Murray....................41.Ex.28

Molina racemosa Cav......................................53.Ex.4

– racemosa Ruiz & Pav.....................................53.Ex.4

Monochaete Döll........................................53.*Ex.12

Monochaetum (DC.) Naudin.................................53.*Ex.12

Monotropa L...........................................19.Ex.7

Monotropaceae.........................................19.Ex.7

Montanoa imbricata V. A. Funk..............................30.Ex.18

Montia parvifolia (DC.) Greene...............................25.Ex.1

– – subsp. flagellaris (Bong.) Ferris............................25.Ex.1

– – subsp. parvifolia......................................25.Ex.1

Mora Benth............................................53.Ex.5

Moreae...............................................53.Ex.5

Morus L..............................................53.Ex.5

Mouriri subg. Pericrene Morley..............................6.Ex.6

Musa basjoo Siebold & Zucc. ex Iinuma.........................38.Ex.7

Musci................................................13.1(b), Ex.1–2

Musineon Raf., ‘Musenium’.................................61.Ex.1

Mussaenda frondosa L., ‘fr. [fructu] frondoso’.....................23.Ex.22

Mycena (Pers.) Roussel....................................30.Ex.16

– coccinea (Sowerby) Quél..................................6.Ex.15

– coccineoides Grgur......................................6.Ex.15; 49.Ex.9

– seynii...............................................60.Ex.32

– taiwanensis Rexer......................................30.Ex.16

Mycosphaerella aleuritidis (Miyake) S. H. Ou.....................F.8.Ex.2

Myginda sect. Gyminda Griseb................................48.Ex.3

– integrifolia Poir........................................48.Ex.3

Myogalum boucheanum Kunth...............................36.Ex.7

Myosotis L.............................................47.Ex.2; 60G.1(b)

Myrcia laevis O. Berg.....................................7.Ex.4

– laevis G. Don.........................................7.Ex.4

– lucida McVaugh.......................................7.Ex.4

Myrosma cannifolia L. f., ‘cannaefolia’.........................60.Ex.36

🇳 🪷Nelumbo Nelumbonaceae

Nanobubon hypogaeum J. Magee..............................30.Ex.4

Napaea L..............................................53.*Ex.12; 60.Ex.37

Narcissus bulbocodium subsp. albidus (Emb. & Maire) Maire...........24.Ex.4

– – var. “eu-albidus”.....................................24.Ex.4

– – var. “eu-praecox”.....................................24.Ex.4

– – subsp. praecox Gattef. & Maire............................24.Ex.4

– pseudonarcissus L., ‘Pseudo Narcissus’........................23.Ex.21

Nartheciaceae..........................................18.Ex.7

Narthecium Gérard.......................................18.Ex.7

Narthecium Huds.........................................18.Ex.7

Nasturtium W. T. Aiton....................................14.Ex.3

Nasturtium Mill..........................................14.Ex.3

– “nasturtium-aquaticum”..................................23.Ex.3

Nekemias grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) J. Wen & Z. L. Nie............41.Ex.19

Nelumbo Adans., ‘Nelumbium’...............................18.Ex.2; 61.Ex.1

Nelumbonaceae.........................................18.Ex.2

Neoptilota Kylin.........................................44.Ex.1

Neotysonia phyllostegia (F. Muell.) Paul G. Wilson..................46.Ex.9

Nepeta ×faassenii Bergmans ex Stearn..........................32.Ex.3

Nesoluma st-johnianum Lam & Meeuse, ‘St.-Johnianum’..............60.Ex.47

Neuropteris (Brongn.) Sternb.................................60.Ex.13

Neves-armondia K. Schum..................................20.Ex.8

Nilssonia Brongn., ‘Nilsonia’................................60.Ex.7

Nolanea (Fr. : Fr.) P. Kumm.................................11.Ex.21

Nostocaceae...........................................13.1(e); 46.Ex.41

Nothotsuga C. N. Page.....................................46.Ex.48

Nymphaea gigantea f. hudsonii (Anon.) K. C. Landon................46.Ex.45

– nelumbo L............................................61.Ex.1

🇴 📿Ocimun 🇨🇾🫒Oleaceae 🇲🇽Opuntia Mill., 1754

Ocimum gratissimum L.....................................7.Ex.14

Odontoglossum Kunth.....................................H.6.Ex.6

Oedogoniaceae.........................................13.1(e)

Oenothera biennis L.......................................H.4.Ex.1

– ×drawertii Renner ex Rostański.............................H.4.Ex.1

– macrocarpa Nutt........................................46.Ex.46

– villosa Thunb..........................................H.4.Ex.1

– ×wienii Renner ex Rostański...............................H.4.Ex.1

Omphalina coccinea Murrill.................................6.Ex.15; 49.Ex.9

Oncidium Sw...........................................46.Ex.25

– triquetrum (Sw.) R. Br....................................46.Ex.25

Opegrapha oulocheila Tuck..................................9.Ex.1

Oplopanax (Torr. & A. Gray) Miq.............................62.Ex.4

Opuntia Mill............................................41.Ex.6

– ficus-indica (L.) Mill.....................................41.Ex.6

– vulgaris Mill..........................................41.Ex.6

×Orchicoeloglossum mixtum Asch. & Graebn......................H.8.Ex.2

Orchis L..............................................62.*Ex.1

– fuchsii Druce..........................................H.8.Ex.2

Orcuttia Vasey..........................................60B.Ex.1

Oreodoxa regia Kunth.....................................14.Ex.6

Ormocarpum P. Beauv.....................................62.Ex.3

Ornithogalum L..........................................36.Ex.7

– boucheanum (Kunth) Asch.................................36.Ex.7

Orobanche artemisiae Gren..................................51.Ex.1

– artemisiepiphyta St.-Lag...................................51.Ex.1

– columbariae Gren. & Godr.................................51.Ex.1

– columbarihaerens St.-Lag..................................51.Ex.1

– rapum Wallr...........................................51.Ex.1

– rapum-genistae Thuill....................................51.Ex.1

– sarothamnophyta St.-Lag..................................51.Ex.1

“Orontiaceae”..........................................37.Ex.7

Osbeckia L.............................................53.Ex.7

Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch.............................60D.Ex.1

Ottoa Kunth...........................................60B.1(a)

Oxycoccus Hill..........................................23.Ex.9

– macrocarpos (Aiton) Pursh, ‘macrocarpus’......................23.Ex.6+9

🇵 🇱🇧🌲Pinaceae 🌾🎑🌽Poaceae 🍐Pyrus 🍒 🍑 🥑Persea americana 🫘Phaseolus vulgaris

Pachysphaera Ostenf......................................11.Ex.34

Palma elata W. Bartram...................................14.Ex.6

Palmae...............................................18.5

Panax nossibiensis Drake...................................38.Ex.16

Pancheria humboldtiana Guillaumin...........................46.Ex.23

Papaver rhoeas L........................................23.Ex.1

Papilionaceae..........................................18.5; 19.8

Papilionoideae..........................................19.8

Paradinandra Schönenberger & E. M. Friis.......................3.Ex.2

Parasitaxus de Laub.......................................62.Ex.2

Parietales.............................................16.Ex.2

Parnassiales...........................................37.Ex.2

Partitatheca D. Edwards & al................................30.Ex.5

Passiflora salpoensis S. Leiva & Tantalean, ‘salpoense’...............33.Ex.3

Patellaria Fr. : Fr.........................................F.3.Ex.3

Patellaria Hoffm.........................................F.3.Ex.3

Paullinia paullinioides Radlk.................................10.Ex.2

Pavia Mill.............................................11.Ex.6

Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth..................................53.*Ex.12

Peltophorus Desv........................................53.*Ex.12

Penicillium Link.........................................F.8.Ex.1

– brefeldianum B. O. Dodge.................................F.8.Ex.1

– dodgei Pitt...........................................F.8.Ex.1

Peperomia lasierrana Trel. & Yunck., ‘la-sierrana’.................60.Ex.40

Peponia Grev...........................................53.*Ex.12

Peponium Engl..........................................53.*Ex.12

Pereskia opuntiiflora DC., ‘opuntiaeflora’........................60.Ex.36

Peridermium balsameum Peck...............................23.Ex.5

Peridinium oblongum (Auriv.) Cleve...........................11.Ex.30

Persicaria maculosa Gray..................................52.Ex.7

– mitis Delarbre.........................................52.Ex.7

– runcinata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Masam......................41.Ex.3

– segetum (Kunth) Small, ‘segeta’.............................23.Ex.10

Petalodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enj............................45.Ex.2

Petrophiloides Bowerb.....................................11.Ex.31

Petrosimonia brachiata (Pall.) Bunge...........................51.Ex.4

– oppositifolia (Pall.) Litv...................................51.Ex.4

Peyrousea DC...........................................60B.Ex.1

Peziza corticalis Pers......................................41.Ex.26

Phaca alpina L..........................................6.Ex.17

Phaseolus leptostachyus f. purpureus Freytag.....................36.Ex.13

– – var. “pinnatifolius”....................................36.Ex.13

×Philageria Mast........................................H.9.Ex.1

Philesia Comm. ex Juss....................................H.9.Ex.1

Philgamia Baill..........................................38.Ex.14

– hibbertioides Baill.......................................38.Ex.14

Phippsia (Trin.) R. Br......................................H.6.Ex.4

Phleum hirsutum Honck....................................46.Ex.47

Phlox divaricata L. subsp. divaricata...........................H.3.Ex.3

– – subsp. laphamii (A. W. Wood) Wherry.......................H.3.Ex.3

– drummondii..........................................28.Ex.2

– pilosa subsp. ozarkana Wherry..............................H.3.Ex.3

Phlyctidia Müll. Arg......................................35.Ex.2

– boliviensis (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.................................35.Ex.2

– ludoviciensis Müll. Arg...................................35.Ex.2

Phlyctis andensis Nyl......................................35.Ex.2

– boliviensis Nyl.........................................35.Ex.2

– brasiliensis Nyl.........................................35.Ex.2

– sorediiformis Kremp.....................................35.Ex.2

Phoebe calcarea S. Lee & F. N. Wei...........................9.Ex.3

Phoenix theophrasti Greuter.................................60.Ex.17

Pholiota (Fr. : Fr.) P. Kumm.................................F.4.Ex.1

Phoradendron Nutt.......................................60.Ex.1

Phyllachora annonicola Chardón, ‘anonicola’.....................F.9.Ex.1

Phyllanthus L...........................................47A.Ex.1

Phyllerpa prolifera var. firma Kütz.............................24.Ex.8

Phyllogonium Brid........................................53.Ex.18

Phyllogonum Coville......................................53.Ex.18

Physconia Poelt.........................................10.Ex.4

– pulverulacea Moberg....................................10.Ex.4

Physma arnoldianum Hepp..................................46.Ex.13

Physospermum Cusson....................................30.Ex.1

Phyteuma L............................................62.*Ex.1

Picea L...............................................52.Ex.2; 60.Ex.28

– abies (L.) H. Karst.......................................52.Ex.2

– excelsa Link..........................................52.Ex.2

Pinaceae, ‘Pineae’.......................................46.Ex.33

Pinopsida.............................................16.Ex.1

Pinus L...............................................16.Ex.1

– abies L..............................................52.Ex.2

– alcoquiana (Veitch ex Lindl.) Carrière, ‘alcockiana’................60.Ex.28

– excelsa Lam...........................................52.Ex.2

– longaeva D. K. Bailey....................................46.Ex.2

– mairei H. Lév., ‘Pirus’...................................50F.Ex.1

– mertensiana Bong.......................................7.Ex.1

Piper pseudo-oblongum McKown.............................60.Ex.41

Piptolepis Benth.........................................38.Ex.12

– phillyreoides Benth......................................38.Ex.12

Piratinera Aubl..........................................36.Ex.11

Piromyces polycephalus Y. C. Chen & al.........................29.Ex.1

Pisocarpium Link........................................62.Ex.3

Pittosporaceae..........................................46.Ex.35

Pittosporum buxifolium W. Q. Yin.............................46.Ex.35

Planera aquatica J. F. Gmel.................................35.Ex.3

Platycarya Siebold & Zucc..................................11.Ex.31

Plectranthus L’Hér.......................................14.Ex.8

– fruticosus L’Hér........................................14.Ex.8

– punctatus (L. f.) L’Hér....................................14.Ex.8

Pleione subg. Scopulorum Torelli & Riccab.......................21.Ex.1

Pleuripetalum T. Durand...................................53.*Ex.8

Pleuropetalum Hook. f.....................................53.*Ex.8

Plumbaginaceae.........................................18.Ex.1

Plumbago L............................................18.Ex.1

Pluteus Fr.............................................F.3.Ex.4

– atricapillus (Batsch) Fayod................................F.3.Ex.4

– cervinus (Schaeff.) P. Kumm................................F.3.Ex.4

Pneumocystis P. Delanoë & Delanoë...........................45.Ex.6

– jirovecii Frenkel, ‘jiroveci’.................................45.Ex.7

Poa L................................................18.5; 19.Ex.3

– sibirica Roshev.........................................6.Ex.7

– vallesiana Honck.......................................46.Ex.47

Poaceae..............................................18.5; 19.Ex.3

Poeae................................................19.Ex.3

Poinae...............................................19.Ex.3

Polycarpaea Lam........................................62.Ex.3

Polycarpon L...........................................62.Ex.3

Polycnemum oppositifolium Pall...............................51.Ex.4

Polygonum L...........................................37.Ex.9

– persicaria L...........................................52.Ex.7

– runcinatum D. Don......................................41.Ex.3

– segetum Kunth.........................................23.Ex.10

Polypodium australe Fée...................................52.Ex.19

– filix-femina L., ‘F. femina’.................................23.*Ex.23

– filix-mas L., ‘F. mas’....................................23.*Ex.23

– ×font-queri...........................................52.Ex.19

– fragile L., ‘F. fragile’....................................23.*Ex.23

– ×shivasiae Rothm.......................................52.Ex.19

– subulatum Vell.........................................38.Ex.15

– tenerum Roxb..........................................11.Ex.17

– vulgare nothosubsp. mantoniae (Rothm.) Schidlay.................H.3.Ex.1

– – subsp. prionodes (Asch.) Rothm............................52.Ex.19; H.2.Ex.1

– – L. subsp. vulgare......................................52.Ex.19; H.2.Ex.1

Polypogon Desf..........................................H.2.Ex.1; H.6.Ex.1

– monspeliensis (L.) Desf...................................H.2.Ex.1

Polyporus versicolor (L.) Fr..................................10.Ex.9

– zonatus.............................................10.Ex.9

Polysphaeridium zoharyi (M. Rossignol) J. P. Bujak & al..............11.Ex.29

Pooideae..............................................19.Ex.3

Populus ×canadensis var. marilandica (Poir.) Rehder................H.12.Ex.1

– – var. serotina (R. Hartig) Rehder............................H.12.Ex.1

Porella L..............................................13.Ex.1

– pinnata L.............................................13.Ex.1

Porroglossum echidna (Rchb. f.) Garay, ‘echidnum’.................23.Ex.10

Potamogeton L..........................................18.Ex.1

Potamogetonaceae.......................................18.Ex.1

Potentilla atrosanguinea Lodd. ex D. Don........................H.10.Ex.2

– “atrosanguinea-pedata”..................................H.10.Ex.2

– pedata Nestl...........................................H.10.Ex.2

Primula sect. Dionysiopsis Pax...............................11.Ex.7

Prochlorothrix hollandica Burger-Wiersma & al....................45.Ex.3

Prosopis L.............................................53.Ex.21

– cineraria (L.) Druce.....................................53.Ex.21

Protea L..............................................14.Ex.10; 50E.Ex.1

– cynaroides (L.) L.......................................14.Ex.10

Protodiniferaceae, ‘Protodiniferidae’...........................45.Ex.5

Protofagacea allonensis Herend. & al...........................1.Ex.2

Psathyrella sarcocephala (Fr. : Fr.) Singer.......................F.3A.Ex.2

×Pseudadenia P. F. Hunt...................................H.6.Ex.3

Pseudelephantopus Rohr, ‘Pseudo-elephantopus’...................60.Ex.44

Pseudoaraucaria Fliche, ‘Pseudo-Araucaria’.....................60.Ex.45

Pseudoditrichaceae.......................................38.Ex.18

Pseudoditrichum mirabile Steere & Iwatsuki......................38.Ex.18

Pseudo-fumaria Medik.....................................60.Ex.44

Pseudolarix Gordon......................................10.Ex.5

– amabilis (J. Nelson) Rehder................................10.Ex.5

Pseudorchis Ség.........................................H.6.Ex.3

Pseudoyoungia D. Maity & Maiti sect. Pseudoyoungia...............22.Ex.6

– sect. Simulatrices (Sennikov) D. Maity & Maiti...................22.Ex.6

Psilotum truncatum R. Br...................................52.Ex.6

Psoroma murale (Schreb.) Samp...............................41.Ex.13

Pteridales.............................................16.Ex.5

Pteridium aquilinum subsp. caudatum (L.) Bonap...................26A.Ex.2

– – var. caudatum (L.) Sadeb.................................26A.Ex.2

Pteridophyta...........................................13.1(a); 16.Ex.3; 41.Ex.27

Pteridophytina..........................................16.Ex.3

“Pteridospermaexylon”....................................36.Ex.5

– “theresiae”...........................................36.Ex.5

Pteris caudata L.........................................26A.Ex.2

Ptilostemon Cass.........................................11.Ex.9

– sect. Cassinia Greuter....................................H.7.Ex.1

– nothosect. Platon Greuter.................................H.7.Ex.1

– sect. Platyrhaphium Greuter................................H.7.Ex.1

– nothosect. Plinia Greuter..................................H.7.Ex.1

– sect. Ptilostemon.......................................H.7.Ex.1

– chamaepeuce (L.) Less....................................11.Ex.9

– muticus Cass..........................................11.Ex.9

Puccinellia Parl..........................................H.6.Ex.4

×Pucciphippsia Tzvelev...................................H.6.Ex.4

Pulsatilla montana subsp. australis (Heuff.) Zämelis.................49.Ex.6

– – subsp. dacica Rummelsp.................................49.Ex.6

– – var. serbica W. Zimm...................................49.Ex.6

Pyraceae..............................................19.Ex.6

Pyrodinium bahamense L. Plate..............................11.Ex.29

Pyroideae.............................................19.Ex.6

Pyrola L..............................................19.Ex.7

Pyrolaceae............................................19.Ex.7

Pyroloideae............................................19.Ex.7

Pyropia yezoensis f. narawaensis N. Kikuchi & al...................46.Ex.28

Pyrus L...............................................19.Ex.6; 41.Ex.17

– calleryana Decne.......................................50F.Ex.1

🇶

Quercus L.............................................10A.2

– acutifolia Née.........................................7.Ex.12

– alba L...............................................H.10.Ex.6

– ×deamii Trel..........................................H.10.Ex.6

– frainetto Ten..........................................28.Ex.2

– macrocarpa Michx......................................H.10.Ex.6

– muehlenbergii Engelm....................................H.10.Ex.6

– polystachya A. DC......................................49.Ex.8

– robur L..............................................10A.2

Quisqualis L............................................20.Ex.8

🇷 🌹🥀Rosaceae 🍏 🍎 🍓 🍒 🍑

Racodium rupestre Pers....................................7.Ex.3

Racosperma nelsonii Pedley.................................6.Ex.18

Radicula Moench........................................20.Ex.2

Radiola Hill............................................23.Ex.4

– linoides Roth..........................................23.Ex.4

– “radiola”............................................23.Ex.4

Ranzanioideae..........................................37.Ex.2

Raphidomonas F. Stein....................................16.Ex.6

Raphidophyceae.........................................16.Ex.6

Ravensara Sonn.........................................55.Ex.1

Renanthera Lour.........................................H.6.Ex.6–7; H.8.Ex.3

Rhamnus L.............................................62.*Ex.1

– sect. Pseudofrangula Grubov...............................22A.Ex.1

– subg. Pseudofrangula (Grubov) Brizicky.......................22A.Ex.1

– vitis-idaea Burm. f., ‘vitis idaea’.............................23.Ex.20

“Rhaptopetalaceae”......................................36.Ex.9

Rhaptopetalum Oliv.......................................36.Ex.9

Rheedia kappleri Eyma....................................9.Ex.7

“Rheum ×cultorum”......................................32.Ex.4

Rhododendreae.........................................19.Ex.4

Rhododendroideae.......................................19.Ex.4

Rhododendron L.........................................19.Ex.4; 20.Ex.1; 22.Ex.1; 60A.Ex.1

– subg. Rhododendron.....................................22.Ex.1

– aureodorsale (W. P. Fang ex J. Q. Fu) Y. P. Ma & J. Nielsen..........30.Ex.6

– bureavii Franch.........................................60.Ex.29

– potaninii Batalin, ‘potanini’................................60.Ex.17

Rhodophyllaceae........................................18.Ex.1

Rhodophyllidaceae.......................................18.Ex.1

Rhodophyllis Kütz.......................................18.Ex.1

Rhodophyllus Quél........................................18.Ex.1

Rhodora L.............................................19.Ex.4

Rhodoreae............................................19.Ex.4

Rhodymenia Grev., ‘Rhodomenia’.............................14.Ex.12

Rhynchospora Vahl.......................................37.Ex.10

Ribes non-scriptum (Berger) Standl.............................60.Ex.41

Richardia L............................................51.Ex.5

Richardsonia Kunth......................................51.Ex.5

Ricinocarpaceae.........................................6.Ex.11

Ricinocarpeae..........................................6.Ex.11

Ricinocarpos Desf........................................6.Ex.11

– sect. Anomodiscus Müll. Arg................................21.Ex.1

Rodaucea W. Rossi & Santam................................30.Ex.2

×Rodrettiopsis..........................................H.6.Ex.7

Rodriguezia Ruiz & Pav....................................H.6.Ex.7

Roridomyces Rexer.......................................30.Ex.16

Rorippa Scop...........................................14.Ex.3

Rosa L................................................18.Ex.1; 19.Ex.2+6; 20.Ex.1; 46.Ex.1

– canina L.............................................H.3.Ex.3

– gallica L.............................................46.Ex.1

– – var. gallica..........................................46.Ex.1

– – var. versicolor L.......................................46.Ex.1

– glutinosa var. leioclada H. Christ............................24.Ex.10

– jundzillii f. leioclada Borbás................................24.Ex.10

– pissardii Carrière, ‘pissarti’................................60.Ex.18

– ×toddiae Wolley-Dod, ‘toddii’..............................60.Ex.22

Rosaceae.............................................18.Ex.1; 19.Ex.2+6; 46.Ex.1

Roseae...............................................19.Ex.2

Rosoideae.............................................19.Ex.2

Roystonea elata (W. Bartram) F. Harper.........................14.Ex.6

– regia (Kunth) O. F. Cook..................................14.Ex.6

Rubia L...............................................53.*Ex.12

Rubus L...............................................53.*Ex.12

– aculeatiflorus Hayata....................................11.Ex.10

– – var. taitoensis (Hayata) T. S. Liu & T. Y. Yang..................11.Ex.10

– amnicola Blanch., ‘amnicolus’..............................23.Ex.11

– fanjingshanensis Boufford & al..............................46.Ex.31

– quebecensis L. H. Bailey..................................60D.Ex.1

– taitoensis Hayata.......................................11.Ex.10

– – var. taitoensis........................................11.Ex.10

Rumex cantabricus Rech. f..................................23.Ex.5

🇸 📿Sandalum album 🇨🇦🍁Sapindaceae 🍅🍆🌶🫑🥔Solanaceae 🇧🇿Swietenia

Saccharomyces Meyen....................................16.Ex.6

Saccharomycetes........................................16.Ex.6

Sacheria Sirodot.........................................48.Ex.1

Sadleria hillebrandii Rob...................................41.Ex.22

– pallida Hook. & Arn.....................................41.Ex.22

Salicaceae.............................................18.Ex.1; 52.Ex.17

Salicornia europaea L.....................................9.Ex.10; 26.Ex.3

– – var. herbacea L.......................................26.Ex.3

Salix L................................................18.Ex.1; 52.Ex.3+17

– sect. Argenteae W. D. J. Koch..............................49.Ex.7

– sect. Glaucae Pax.......................................49.Ex.7

– subsect. Myrtilloides C. K. Schneid............................49.Ex.7

– aurita L..............................................H.2.Ex.1

– caprea L.............................................H.2.Ex.1

– ×capreola Andersson....................................H.3.Ex.1

– glaucops Andersson.....................................50.Ex.2

– humilis Marshall.......................................11.Ex.28

– – var. microphylla (Andersson) Fernald........................11.Ex.28

– – var. tristis (Aiton) Griggs................................11.Ex.28

– myrsinifolia Salisb.......................................52.Ex.3

– myrsinites L...........................................52.Ex.3

– tristis var. microphylla...................................11.Ex.28

– – Aiton var. tristis......................................11.Ex.28

Salvia sect. Hemisphace Benth................................41.Ex.4; 46.Ex.18

– grandiflora subsp. willeana Holmboe..........................24.Ex.7

Sapium subsect. Patentinervia Pax & K. Hoffm.....................21.Ex.1

Saxifraga aizoon subf. surculosa Engl. & Irmsch....................24.Ex.1

Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb..............................41.Ex.10

Scandix pecten-veneris L., ‘pecten ♀’...........................23.Ex.2

Scenedesmus armatus f. brevicaudatus L. S. Péterfi..................53.Ex.16

– – var. brevicaudatus (Hortob.) Pankow.........................53.Ex.16

– – var. brevicaudatus (L. S. Péterfi) E. H. Hegew...................53.Ex.16

– carinatus var. brevicaudatus Hortob...........................53.Ex.16

“Schaenoides”..........................................20.Ex.10

Schiedea kealiae Caum & Hosaka.............................39.Ex.2

Schinus molle L..........................................23.Ex.7

Schoenoxiphium Nees.....................................46.Ex.5

– altum Kukkonen.......................................46.Ex.5

Schoenus L.............................................20.Ex.10

Schollera Roth..........................................23.Ex.9

– macrocarpos (Aiton) Steud., ‘macrocarpa’......................23.Ex.9

Scilla peruviana L........................................51.Ex.3

“Scirpoides”...........................................20.Ex.10

– “paradoxus”..........................................35.Ex.4

Scirpoides Ség..........................................35.Ex.4; 38.Ex.19

Scirpus L..............................................20.Ex.10

– sect. Pseudoeriophorum Jurtzev, ‘Pseudo-eriophorum’..............60.Ex.40

– cespitosus L...........................................60.Ex.1

– iridifolius Bory........................................41.Ex.25

Sclerocroton integerrimus Hochst..............................11.Ex.23

– reticulatus Hochst.......................................11.Ex.23

Scleroderma Pers.........................................18.Ex.1

Sclerodermataceae.......................................18.Ex.1

Scolosanthus leonardii Alain................................60.Ex.26

Scyphophorus ecmocynus Gray...............................58.Ex.6

Scytanthus Hook.........................................53.*Ex.8

Scytopetalaceae.........................................36.Ex.9

“Scytopetalum”.........................................36.Ex.9

Sebastiano-schaueria Nees..................................20.Ex.8

Sebertia Engl...........................................36.Ex.1

Sedum L...............................................11.Ex.19

– candollei Raym.-Hamet...................................11.Ex.19

– eriocarpum subsp. spathulifolium ’t Hart.......................40.Ex.9

– “mucizonia subsp. urceolatum”.............................40.Ex.7

– sedoides (Decne.) Raym.-Hamet.............................11.Ex.19

Selaginella P. Beauv......................................31.Ex.6

– apus Spring...........................................61.Ex.2

Selenicereus (A. Berger) Britton & Rose.........................H.6.Ex.1

×Seleniphyllum G. D. Rowley................................H.6.Ex.1

Sempervivum sedoides Decne.................................11.Ex.19

Senecio sect. Synotii Benth..................................32.Ex.2

– napaeifolius (DC.) Sch. Bip., ‘napeaefolius’.....................53.*Ex.12; 60.Ex.37

– napifolius MacOwan.....................................53.*Ex.12

Serratula chamaepeuce L...................................11.Ex.9

Sersalisia R. Br..........................................36.Ex.1

Seseli divaricatum Pursh...................................61.Ex.1

Sesleria Scop...........................................60B.1(b)

Setaria excurrens var. leviflora Keng ex S. L. Chen..................40.Ex.8

Sicyos L...............................................62.*Ex.1

– triqueter Moc. & Sessé ex Ser...............................46.Ex.16

Sida retusa L...........................................9.Ex.11

Sideroxylon L., ‘Sideroxylum’................................13.Ex.4

Sigillaria Brongn.........................................11.Ex.1

Sigillariostrobus Schimp....................................11.Ex.1

Silene L...............................................11.Ex.14

– behen L..............................................11.Ex.14

– cucubalus Wibel.......................................11.Ex.14

– vulgaris (Moench) Garcke.................................11.Ex.14

Simarouba Aubl.........................................53.Ex.13

Simaruba Boehm.........................................53.Ex.13

Siphonia Benth..........................................30.Ex.11

Siphonia Rich. ex Schreb...................................30.Ex.11

Skeletonema Grev........................................6.Ex.4

Skeletonemopsis P. A. Sims.................................6.Ex.4

Skytanthus Meyen........................................53.*Ex.8

Sladenia integrifolia Y. M. Shui & W. H. Chen....................40A.Ex.1

Sloanea L..............................................60B.1(a)

Smithia Aiton...........................................14.Ex.11

Smithia Scop............................................14.Ex.11

Solanaceae............................................46.Ex.38

Solanum L.............................................22.Ex.3

– sect. Acanthophora Dunal.................................11.Ex.3

– sect. Leptostemonum Dunal................................11.Ex.3

– subg. Leptostemonum Bitter................................11.Ex.3

– subg. Minon Raf........................................22.Ex.3

– sect. Pseudocapsicum (Medik.) Roem. & Schult...................22.Ex.3

– subg. Solanum.........................................22.Ex.3

– baretiae Tepe.........................................31.Ex.5

– caricaefolium Rusby.....................................60G.Ex.3

– dasypus Dunal.........................................46.Ex.38

– fructu-tecto Cav........................................60.Ex.41

– lycopersicum L.........................................14.Ex.1

– mammosum L..........................................11.Ex.3

– melongena var. insanum (L.) Prain, ‘insana’.....................24.Ex.2

– pseudocapsicum L.......................................22.Ex.3

– rantonnetii Carrière, ‘rantonnei’.............................60.Ex.31

– tuberosum var. murukewillu Ochoa, ‘muru’kewillu’................60.Ex.46

– umtuma Voronts. & S. Knapp...............................6.Ex.7

Solidago L.............................................11.Ex.39

– ×snarskisii Gudžinskas & Žalneravičius........................8.Ex.4

×Solidaster H. R. Wehrh....................................11.Ex.39

Solms-laubachia Muschl. ex Diels.............................20.Ex.8

Sophora tomentosa subsp. occidentalis (L.) Brummitt................46.Ex.10

×Sophrolaeliocattleya.....................................H.6.Ex.7

Sophronitis Lindl.........................................H.6.Ex.7

Spartium biflorum Desf.....................................11.Ex.11

Spathiphyllum solomonense Nicolson, ‘solomonensis’................50F.Ex.3

Spergula stricta Sw.......................................11.Ex.12

Spermatophyta..........................................13.1(a); 41.Ex.27

Sphagnaceae...........................................13.1(b–c)

Sphagnum [unranked] Rigida Lindb............................21.Ex.4

– sect. Rigida (Lindb.) Limpr.................................21.Ex.4

Sphenocleoideae.........................................19.Ex.1

Spiniferites pachydermus (M. Rossignol) P. C. Reid.................11.Ex.35

Spiraea L..............................................19.Ex.6

Spiraeaceae............................................19.Ex.6

Spiraeoideae...........................................19.Ex.6

Spondias mombin L.......................................23.Ex.1

Stachys L..............................................62.*Ex.1

– ambigua Sm...........................................50.Ex.1

– palustris subsp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling..........................26A.Ex.1

– – var. pilosa (Nutt.) Fernald................................26A.Ex.1

Stamnostoma A. G. Long...................................1.Ex.3

– huttonense A. G. Long...................................1.Ex.3

Staphylea L............................................51.Ex.1

Staphylis St.-Lag.........................................51.Ex.1

Stenocarpus R. Br........................................62.Ex.3

“Stereocaulon subdenudatum”...............................36.Ex.6

Stillingia integerrima (Hochst.) Baill............................11.Ex.23

Stobaea mckenii Harv., ‘M‘Kenii’.............................60.Ex.48

Streptophyta...........................................46.Ex.14

Strychnos L............................................62.*Ex.1

“Suaeda baccata”.......................................35.Ex.1

– “vera”..............................................35.Ex.1

Swainsona formosa (G. Don) Joy Thomps........................11.Ex.25

Symphostemon Hiern......................................53.*Ex.12

Symphyostemon Miers.....................................53.*Ex.12

Synsepalum letestui Aubrév. & Pellegr., ‘Le Testui’..................60.Ex.43

Synthyris subg. Plagiocarpus Pennell...........................11.Ex.26

– Benth. subg. Synthyris....................................11.Ex.26

🇹 ☘️♣︎♧🍀Trifolium 🌷Tulipa

Talinum polyandrum Hook..................................58.Ex.1

– polyandrum Ruiz & Pav...................................58.Ex.1

Tamnus Mill............................................51.Ex.1

Tamus L...............................................51.Ex.1

Taonabo Aubl...........................................62.Ex.8

– dentata Aubl..........................................62.Ex.8

– punctata Aubl..........................................62.Ex.8

Tapeinanthus Boiss. ex Benth................................41.Ex.1; 53.Ex.1

Tapeinanthus Herb........................................53.Ex.1

Taraxacum Zinn, ‘Taraxacvm’...............................60.Ex.11

Tasmanites E. J. Newton...................................11.Ex.34

Taxus L...............................................62.Ex.2

– baccata var. variegata Weston..............................28.Ex.1

Tephroseris (Rchb.) Rchb...................................49.Ex.3

– sect. Eriopappus (Dumort.) Holub............................49.Ex.3

Terminaliaceae.........................................14.Ex.4

Tersonia cyathiflora (Fenzl.) J. W. Green........................46.Ex.34

Tetraglochin Poepp.......................................62.Ex.5

Tetragonia L............................................60.Ex.39

– tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze................................60.Ex.39

Teucrium gnaphalodes L’Hér.................................9.Ex.15

Thamnos St.-Lag.........................................51.Ex.1

Thamnus Link..........................................51.Ex.1

Thea L................................................13.Ex.3

Thunbergia Montin.......................................19.Ex.9

Thunbergia Retz.........................................19.Ex.9

Thunbergioideae........................................19.Ex.9

Thuspeinanta T. Durand....................................41.Ex.1; 53.Ex.1

Thymus britannicus Ronniger................................11.Ex.16

– praecox subsp. arcticus (Durand) Jalas.........................11.Ex.16

– – subsp. britannicus (Ronniger) Holub.........................11.Ex.16

– serpyllum subsp. arcticus (Durand) Hyl.........................11.Ex.16

– – var. arcticus Durand....................................11.Ex.16

– – subsp. britannicus (Ronniger) P. Fourn........................11.Ex.16

Tiarella cordifolia L.......................................H.11.Ex.1

Tibetoseris sect. Simulatrices Sennikov..........................22.Ex.6

– Sennikov sect. Tibetoseris.................................22.Ex.6

Tillaea L..............................................51.Ex.1

Tillandsia barclayana var. minor (Gilmartin) Butcher................41.Ex.29

– bryoides Griseb. ex Baker.................................9.Ex.13

– lateritia André.........................................41.Ex.29

Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.............................H.2.Ex.1

– foetida (Wallr.) Liro.....................................H.2.Ex.1

Tillia St.-Lag...........................................51.Ex.1

Tithymalus Gaertn........................................36.Ex.12

– “jaroslavii”..........................................36.Ex.12

Tmesipteris elongata P. A. Dang...............................52.Ex.6

– truncata (R. Br.) Desv....................................52.Ex.6

Torreya Arn............................................53.Ex.2

Torreya Raf............................................53.Ex.2

Trachynia Link.........................................23.Ex.9

– distachyos (L.) Link, ‘distachya’.............................23.Ex.9

Tragus berteronianus Schult.................................60.Ex.30

Tremellaceae...........................................37.Ex.6

Triaspis mozambica A. Juss..................................60.Ex.1

Trichipteris kalbreyeri (Baker) R. M. Tryon.......................41.Ex.24

Trichoderma dorotheae Samuels & Dodd........................F.8.Ex.4

Tricholomataceae........................................18.Ex.10

Trifolium L.............................................23.*Ex.23

– indicum L., ‘M. indica’...................................23.*Ex.23

Triglochin L............................................62.Ex.5

Trilepisium Thouars......................................38.Ex.21

– madagascariense DC.....................................38.Ex.21

Trimerophytina.........................................16.Ex.6

Trimerophyton Hopping....................................16.Ex.6

Trisetum Pers...........................................46.Ex.39

Triticum L.............................................H.3.Ex.3; H.8.Ex.1

– aestivum L............................................H.3.Ex.3

– laxum Fr.............................................H.5.Ex.1

×Tritordeum Asch. & Graebn................................H.8.Ex.1

Trollius taihasenzanensis Masam..............................60.Ex.4

Tropaeolum majus L......................................23.Ex.5

Tsuga (Endl.) Carrière.....................................7.Ex.1

– heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg...................................7.Ex.1

– mertensiana (Bong.) Carrière...............................7.Ex.1

Tuber F. H. Wigg. : Fr.....................................20.Ex.3

– gulosorum F. H. Wigg....................................20.Ex.3

Tuctoria Reeder.........................................60B.Ex.1

Tursiocola denysii Frankovich & M. J. Sullivan....................8.Ex.2

– podocnemicola C. E. Wetzel................................29.Ex.4

🇺

Ubochea Baill...........................................60B.Ex.1

Uffenbachia Fabr., ‘Vffenbachia’..............................60.Ex.11

Uladendron codesuri Marc.-Berti.............................60.Ex.20

Ulmus racemosa Thomas...................................50C.Ex.1

Umbelliferae...........................................18.5

Uredinales............................................F.3.1

Uredo pustulata Pers. : Pers., ‘Vredo pvstvlata’....................60.Ex.12

Uromyces fabae (Pers.) de Bary...............................23.Ex.1

Urospatheae...........................................37.Ex.2

Urtica “dubia?”.........................................23.Ex.14

Urvillea Kunth..........................................53.*Ex.12; 60B.Ex.1

Ustilaginales...........................................F.3.1

Uva-ursi Duhamel.......................................20.Ex.7

🇻 🍇 🫐

Vaccinium sect. Vitis-idaea A. Gray............................21.Ex.2

– sect. “Vitis idaea”......................................21.Ex.2

– cantabricum Huds......................................23.Ex.5

– macrocarpon Aiton.....................................23.Ex.6+9

Valantia L.............................................60.Ex.27

Valeriana sect. Valerianopsis................................21.Ex.3

Vanda W. Jones ex R. Br....................................H.6.Ex.6–7; H.8.Ex.3

Venturia acerina Plakidas ex M. E. Barr.........................F.8.Ex.3

Verbascum sect. Aulacosperma Murb...........................53.Ex.17

– lychnitis L............................................H.10.Ex.3

– “nigro-lychnitis”.......................................H.10.Ex.3

– nigrum L.............................................23.Ex.5; H.10.Ex.3

– ×schiedeanum W. D. J. Koch...............................H.10.Ex.3

Verbena L.............................................19.Ex.5

Verbenaceae...........................................19.Ex.5

Verbesina alba L........................................11.Ex.24

– prostrata L............................................11.Ex.24

Veronica L.............................................11.Ex.26

– subg. Synthyris (Benth.) M. M. Mart. Ort. & al....................11.Ex.26

– agrestis L............................................9.Ex.16

– anagallis-aquatica L., ‘anagallis ’..........................23.Ex.2; 60.Ex.42

– argute-serrata Regel & Schmalh., ‘argute serrata’.................60.Ex.42

Verrucaria aethiobola Wahlenb...............................46.Ex.11

Vexillifera Ducke........................................6.Ex.5

– micranthera Ducke......................................6.Ex.5

Viburnum ternatum Rehder..................................46.Ex.4

Vicia L...............................................18.5; 46.Ex.36

– amurensis f. sanneensis Y. C. Jiang & S. M. Fu...................46.Ex.36

Vinca major L...........................................23.Ex.5

Vincetoxicum Wolf.......................................51.Ex.1

Viola hirta L............................................24.Ex.10

– “qualis”.............................................23.Ex.14

– tricolor var. hirta Ging....................................24.Ex.10

Vitis novae-angliae Fernald.................................60.Ex.41

Vochysia kosnipatae Huamantupa, ‘kosñipatae’....................60.Ex.16

Votadinium calvum P. C. Reid................................11.Ex.30

Vriesea barclayana var. minor Gilmartin.........................41.Ex.29

Vulpia myuros (L.) C. C. Gmel................................26.Ex.2

🇼

Wahlenbergia Roth.......................................11.Ex.2

Waltheria americana L.....................................11.Ex.22

– indica L..............................................11.Ex.22

Welwitschia Hook. f.......................................52.Ex.10

Welwitschia Rchb........................................52.Ex.10

Wintera Murray.........................................18.Ex.6

Winteraceae...........................................18.Ex.6

Wisteria Nutt...........................................60.Ex.9

Wollemia nobilis W. G. Jones & al.............................60.Ex.33

Wormia subsessilis Miq....................................52.Ex.18

– suffruticosa Griff. ex Hook. f. & Thomson......................52.Ex.18

🇽

Xanthoceras Bunge.......................................62.Ex.6

Xerocomus Quél.........................................62A.Ex.1

Xylomataceae..........................................18.Ex.4

🇾☯️

Y

🇿 🌽Zea sp.

Zanthoxyleae...........................................37.Ex.1

Zanthoxylum caribaeum var. floridanum (Nutt.) A. Gray, ‘Xanthoxylum’....50F.Ex.2

– cribrosum Spreng., ‘Xanthoxylon’............................50F.Ex.2

– trifoliatum L...........................................23.Ex.8

Zingiber neotruncatum T. L. Wu & al...........................53.Ex.6

– truncatum Stokes.......................................53.Ex.6

– truncatum S. Q. Tong....................................53.Ex.6

Zygophyllum billardierei DC., ‘billardierii’.......................60.Ex.31

Zyrphelis Cass...........................................30.Ex.19