An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification of the orders and families of angiosperms is presented. Several new orders are recognized: Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusiales and Vahliales. This brings the total number of orders and families recognized in the APG system to 64 and 416, respectively. We propose two additional informal major clades, superrosids and superasterids, that each comprise the additional orders that are included in the larger clades dominated by the rosids and asterids. Families that made up potentially monofamilial orders, Dasypogonaceae and Sabiaceae, are instead referred to Arecales and Proteales, respectively. Two parasitic families formerly of uncertain positions are now placed: Cynomoriaceae in Saxifragales and Apodanthaceae in Cucurbitales. Although there is evidence that some families recognized in APG III are not monophyletic, we make no changes in Dioscoreales and Santalales relative to APG III and leave some genera in Lamiales unplaced (e.g. Peltanthera). These changes in familial circumscription and recognition have all resulted from new results published since APG III, except for some changes simply due to nomenclatural issues, which include substituting Asphodelaceae for Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asparagales) and Francoaceae for Melianthaceae (Geraniales); however, in Francoaceae we also include Bersamaceae, Ledocarpaceae, Rhynchothecaceae and Vivianiaceae. Other changes to family limits are not drastic or numerous and are mostly focused on some members of the lamiids, especially the former Icacinaceae that have long been problematic with several genera moved to the formerly monogeneric Metteniusaceae, but minor changes in circumscription include Aristolochiaceae (now including Lactoridaceae and Hydnoraceae; Aristolochiales), Maundiaceae (removed from Juncaginaceae; Alismatales), Restionaceae (now re-including Anarthriaceae and Centrolepidaceae; Poales), Buxaceae (now including Haptanthaceae; Buxales), Peraceae (split from Euphorbiaceae; Malpighiales), recognition of Petenaeaceae (Huerteales), Kewaceae, Limeaceae, Macarthuriaceae and Microteaceae (all Caryophyllales), Petiveriaceae split from Phytolaccaceae (Caryophyllales), changes to the generic composition of Ixonanthaceae and Irvingiaceae (with transfer of Allantospermum from the former to the latter; Malpighiales), transfer of Pakaraimaea (formerly Dipterocarpaceae) to Cistaceae (Malvales), transfer of Borthwickia, Forchhammeria, Stixis and Tirania (formerly all Capparaceae) to Resedaceae (Brassicales), Nyssaceae split from Cornaceae (Cornales), Pteleocarpa moved to Gelsemiaceae (Gentianales), changes to the generic composition of Gesneriaceae (Sanango moved from Loganiaceae) and Orobanchaceae (now including Lindenbergiaceae and Rehmanniaceae) and recognition of Mazaceae distinct from Phrymaceae (all Lamiales).
ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Apodanthaceae – Aristolochiaceae – Boraginales – Cistaceae – Cynomoriaceae – Dasypogonaceae – Dilleniales – Francoaceae – Gesneriaceae – Icacinales – Metteniusales – Orobanchaceae – Phrymaceae – Phytolaccaceae – Resedaceae – Restionaceae – Sabiaceae – Santalales – Vahliales.
Amborellales Melikyan et al.
1 [1]. Amborellaceae Pichon, nom. cons.
Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
2 [2]. Hydatellaceae U.Hamann
3 [3]. Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich., nom. cons.
4 [4]. Nymphaeaceae Salisb., nom. cons.
Austrobaileyales Takht. ex Reveal
5 [5]. Austrobaileyaceae Croizat, nom. cons.
6 [6]. Trimeniaceae Gibbs, nom. cons.
7 [7]. Schisandraceae Blume, nom. cons.
MESANGIOSPERMS
MAGNOLIIDS
Canellales Cronq.
8 [9]. Canellaceae Mart., nom. cons.
9 [10]. Winteraceae R.Br. ex Lindl., nom. cons.
Piperales Bercht. & J.Presl
10 [11]. Saururaceae Rich. ex T.Lestib., nom. cons.
11 [12]. Piperaceae Giseke, nom. cons.
12 [15]. *Aristolochiaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Asaraceae Vent., Hydnoraceae C.Agardh, nom. cons., Lactoridaceae Engl., nom. cons.)
Magnoliales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
13 [16]. Myristicaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
14 [17]. Magnoliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
15 [18]. Degeneriaceae I.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm., nom. cons.
16 [19]. Himantandraceae Diels, nom. cons.
17 [20]. Eupomatiaceae Orb., nom. cons.
18 [21]. Annonaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
19 [22]. Calycanthaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
20 [23]. Siparunaceae Schodde
21 [24]. Gomortegaceae Reiche, nom. cons.
22 [25]. Atherospermataceae R.Br.
23 [26]. Hernandiaceae Blume, nom. cons.
24 [27]. Monimiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
25 [28]. Lauraceae Juss., nom. cons.
INDEPENDENT LINEAGE: UNPLACED TO MORE INCLUSIVE CLADE
Chloranthales Mart.
26 [8]. Chloranthaceae R.Br. ex Sims, nom. cons.
MONOCOTS
Acorales Mart.
27 [29]. Acoraceae Martinov
Alismatales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
28 [30]. Araceae Juss., nom. cons.
29 [31]. Tofieldiaceae Takht.
30 [32]. Alismataceae Vent., nom. cons.
31 [33]. Butomaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
32 [34]. Hydrocharitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
33 [35]. Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi, nom. cons.
34 [36]. Aponogetonaceae Planch., nom. cons.
35 [37]. *Juncaginaceae Rich., nom. cons.
36. *Maundiaceae Nakai
37 [38]. Zosteraceae Dumort., nom. cons.
38 [39]. Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons
39 [40]. Posidoniaceae Vines, nom. cons.
40 [41]. Ruppiaceae Horan., nom. cons.
41 [42]. Cymodoceaceae Vines, nom. cons.
Petrosaviales Takht.
42 [43]. Petrosaviaceae Hutch., nom. cons.
Dioscoreales Mart.
43 [44]. Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon
44 [45]. ‘Burmanniaceae’ Blume, nom. cons.
45 [46]. Dioscoreaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Pandanales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
46 [47]. Triuridaceae Gardner, nom. cons.
47 [48]. Velloziaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
48 [49]. Stemonaceae Caruel, nom. cons.
49 [50]. Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich., nom. cons.
50 [51]. Pandanaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Liliales Perleb
51 [52]. Campynemataceae Dumort.
52 [60]. Corsiaceae Becc., nom. cons.
53 [53]. Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
54 [54]. Petermanniaceae Hutch, nom. cons.
55 [55]. Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
56 [56]. Colchicaceae DC., nom. cons.
57 [57]. Philesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
58 [58]. Ripogonaceae Conran & Clifford
59 [59]. Smilacaceae Vent., nom. cons.
60 [61]. Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Asparagales Link
61 [62]. Orchidaceae Juss., nom. cons.
62 [63]. Boryaceae M.W.Chase et al .
63 [64]. Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
64 [65]. Asteliaceae Dumort.
65 [66]. Lanariaceae H.Huber ex R.Dahlgren
66 [67]. Hypoxidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
67 [69]. Doryanthaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
68 [70]. Ixioliriaceae Nakai (as ‘Ixiolirionaceae’; spelling corrected)
69 [68]. Tecophilaeaceae Leyb., nom. cons.
70 [71]. Iridaceae Juss., nom. cons.
71 [72]. Xeronemataceae M.W.Chase et al.
72 [73]. Asphodelaceae Juss., nom. cons. prop. (including Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.)
73 [74]. Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
74 [75]. Asparagaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Arecales Bromhead
75 [90]. Dasypogonaceae Dumort.
76 [76]. Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (= Palmae Juss., nom. cons.)
Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
77 [77]. Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw
78 [78]. Commelinaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
79 [79]. Philydraceae Link, nom. cons.
80 [80]. Pontederiaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
81 [81]. Haemodoraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Zingiberales Griseb.
82 [82]. Strelitziaceae Hutch., nom. cons.
83 [83]. Lowiaceae Ridl., nom. cons.
84 [84]. Heliconiaceae Vines
85 [85]. Musaceae Juss., nom. cons.
86 [86]. Cannaceae Juss., nom. cons.
87 [87]. Marantaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
88 [88]. Costaceae Nakai
89 [89]. Zingiberaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
Poales Small
90 [91]. Typhaceae Juss., nom. cons.
91 [92]. Bromeliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
92 [93]. Rapateaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
93 [94]. Xyridaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.
94 [95]. Eriocaulaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
95 [96]. Mayacaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
96 [97]. Thurniaceae Engl., nom. cons.
97 [98]. Juncaceae Juss., nom. cons.
98 [99]. Cyperaceae Juss., nom. cons.
99 [102]. *Restionaceae R.Br., nom. cons. (including Anarthriaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw, Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons.)
100 [103]. Flagellariaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
101 [104]. Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm.
102 [105]. Ecdeiocoleaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw
103 [106]. Poaceae Barnhart, nom. cons. (= Gramineae Juss., nom. cons.)
PROBABLE SISTER OF EUDICOTS
Ceratophyllales Link
104 [107]. Ceratophyllaceae Gray, nom. cons.
EUDICOTS
Ranunculales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
105 [108]. Eupteleaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons.
106 [109]. Papaveraceae Juss., nom. cons.
107 [110]. Circaeasteraceae Hutch., nom. cons.
108 [111]. Lardizabalaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
109 [112]. Menispermaceae Juss., nom. cons.
110 [113]. Berberidaceae Juss., nom. cons.
111 [114]. Ranunculaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Proteales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
112 [115]. Sabiaceae Blume, nom. cons.
113 [116]. Nelumbonaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
114 [117]. Platanaceae T.Lestib., nom. cons.
115 [118]. Proteaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Trochodendrales Takht. ex Cronq.
116 [119]. Trochodendraceae Eichler, nom. cons.
Buxales Takht. ex Reveal
117 [121]. *Buxaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (including Haptanthaceae C.Nelson)
CORE EUDICOTS
Gunnerales Takht. ex Reveal
118 [122]. Myrothamnaceae Nied., nom. cons.
119 [123]. Gunneraceae Meisn., nom. cons.
†Dilleniales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
120 [124]. Dilleniaceae Salisb., nom. cons.
SUPERROSIDS
Saxifragales Bercht. & J.Presl
121 [125]. Peridiscaceae Kuhlm., nom. cons.
122 [126]. Paeoniaceae Raf., nom. cons.
123 [127]. Altingiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
124 [128]. Hamamelidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
125 [129]. Cercidiphyllaceae Engl., nom. cons.
126 [130]. Daphniphyllaceae Mu€ll.Arg., nom. cons.
127 [131]. Iteaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
128 [132]. Grossulariaceae DC., nom. cons.
129 [133]. Saxifragaceae Juss., nom. cons.
130 [134]. Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
131 [135]. Aphanopetalaceae Doweld
132 [136]. Tetracarpaeaceae Nakai
133 [137]. Penthoraceae Rydb. ex Britton, nom. cons.
134 [138]. Haloragaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
135 [139]. Cynomoriaceae Endl. ex Lindl., nom. cons.
ROSIDS
Vitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
136 [140]. Vitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Zygophyllales Link
137 [141]. Krameriaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
138 [142]. Zygophyllaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Fabales Bromhead
139 [143]. Quillajaceae D.Don
140 [144]. Fabaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Leguminosae Juss., nom. cons.)
141 [145]. Surianaceae Arn., nom. cons.
142 [146]. Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons.
Rosales Bercht. & J.Presl
143 [147]. Rosaceae Juss., nom. cons.
144 [148]. Barbeyaceae Rendle, nom. cons.
145 [149]. Dirachmaceae Hutch.
146 [150]. Elaeagnaceae Juss., nom. cons.
147 [151]. Rhamnaceae Juss., nom. cons.
148 [152]. Ulmaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
149 [153]. Cannabaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
150 [154]. Moraceae Gaudich., nom. cons.
151 [155]. Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Fagales Engl.
152 [156]. Nothofagaceae Kuprian.
153 [157]. Fagaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
154 [158]. Myricaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons.
155 [159]. Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
156 [160]. Casuarinaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
157 [161]. Ticodendraceae G´omez-Laur. & L.D.G´omez
158 [162]. Betulaceae Gray, nom. cons.
Cucurbitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
159 [163]. *Apodanthaceae Tiegh. ex Takht.
160 [164]. Anisophylleaceae Ridl.
161 [165]. Corynocarpaceae Engl., nom. cons.
162 [166]. Coriariaceae DC., nom. cons.
163 [167]. Cucurbitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
164 [168]. Tetramelaceae Airy Shaw
165 [169]. Datiscaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
166 [170]. Begoniaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.
[COM-clade; placement uncertain]
Celastrales Link
167 [171]. Lepidobotryaceae J.L´eonard, nom. cons.
168 [172]. Celastraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Oxalidales Bercht. & J.Presl
169 [173]. Huaceae A.Chev.
170 [174]. Connaraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
171 [175]. Oxalidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
172 [176]. Cunoniaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
173 [177]. Elaeocarpaceae Juss., nom. cons.
174 [178]. Cephalotaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
175 [179]. Brunelliaceae Engl., nom. cons.
Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
176 [180]. Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons.
177 [207]. *Irvingiaceae Exell & Mendonc,a, nom. cons. (including Allantospermum Forman)
178 [186]. Ctenolophonaceae Exell & Mendonc,a
179 [181]. Rhizophoraceae Pers., nom. cons.
180 [182]. Erythroxylaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
181 [187]. Ochnaceae DC., nom. cons.
182 [212]. Bonnetiaceae L.Beauvis. ex Nakai
183 [211]. Clusiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Guttiferae Juss., nom. cons.)
184 [210]. Calophyllaceae J.Agardh
185 [213]. Podostemaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons.
186 [214]. Hypericaceae Juss., nom. cons.
187 [205]. Caryocaraceae Voigt, nom. cons.
188 [197]. Lophopyxidaceae H.Pfeiff.
189 [198]. Putranjivaceae Meisn.
190 [185]. Centroplacaceae Doweld & Reveal
191 [190]. Elatinaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
192 [191]. Malpighiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
193 [192]. Balanopaceae Benth. & Hook.f., nom. cons.
194 [193]. Trigoniaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
195 [194]. Dichapetalaceae Baill., nom. cons.
196 [195]. Euphroniaceae Marc.-Berti
197 [196]. Chrysobalanaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
198 [206]. Humiriaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
199 [204]. Achariaceae Harms, nom. cons.
200 [202]. Violaceae Batsch, nom. cons.
201 [203]. Goupiaceae Miers
202 [199]. Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel, nom. cons.
203 [200]. Lacistemataceae Mart., nom. cons.
204 [201]. Salicaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
205 [—]. *Peraceae Klotzsch
206 [183]. Rafflesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
207 [184]. *Euphorbiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
208 [208]. Linaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
209 [209]. *Ixonanthaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons.
210 [188]. Picrodendraceae Small, nom. cons.
211 [189]. Phyllanthaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
Geraniales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
212 [215]. Geraniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
213 [217]. *Francoaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. (including Bersamaceae Doweld, Greyiaceae Hutch., nom. cons., Ledocarpaceae Meyen, Melianthaceae Horan., nom. cons., Rhynchothecaceae A.Juss., Vivianiaceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.)
Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
214 [218]. Combretaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
215 [219]. Lythraceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
216 [220]. Onagraceae Juss., nom. cons.
217 [221]. Vochysiaceae A.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
218 [222]. Myrtaceae Juss., nom. cons.
219 [223]. Melastomataceae Juss., nom. cons.
220 [224]. Crypteroniaceae A.DC., nom. cons.
221 [225]. Alzateaceae S.A.Graham
222 [226]. Penaeaceae Sweet ex Guill., nom. cons.
Crossosomatales Takht. ex Reveal
223 [227]. Aphloiaceae Takht.
224 [228]. Geissolomataceae A.DC., nom. cons.
225 [229]. Strasburgeriaceae Tiegh., nom. cons.
226 [230]. Staphyleaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
227 [231]. Guamatelaceae S.H.Oh & D.Potter
228 [232]. Stachyuraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
229 [233]. Crossosomataceae Engl., nom. cons.
Picramniales Doweld
230 [234]. Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn
Huerteales Doweld
231 [244]. Gerrardinaceae M.H.Alford
232 [—]. *Petenaeaceae Christenh. et al.
233 [245]. Tapisciaceae Takht.
234 [246]. Dipentodontaceae Merr., nom. cons.
Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
235 [235]. Biebersteiniaceae Schnizl.
236 [236]. Nitrariaceae Lindl.
237 [237]. Kirkiaceae Takht.
238 [238]. Burseraceae Kunth, nom. cons.
239 [239]. Anacardiaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
240 [240]. Sapindaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Xanthocerataceae Buerki et al., as ‘Xanthoceraceae’)
241 [241]. Rutaceae Juss., nom. cons.
242 [242]. Simaroubaceae DC., nom. cons.
243 [243]. Meliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Malvales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
244 [247]. Cytinaceae A.Rich.
245 [248]. Muntingiaceae C.Bayer et al.
246 [249]. Neuradaceae Kostel., nom. cons.
247 [250]. Malvaceae Juss., nom. cons.
248 [251]. Sphaerosepalaceae Bullock
249 [252]. Thymelaeaceae Juss., nom. cons.
250 [253]. Bixaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
251 [255]. *Cistaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Pakaraimaea Maguire & P.S.Ashton)
252 [254]. Sarcolaenaceae Caruel, nom. cons.
253 [256]. *Dipterocarpaceae Blume, nom. cons.
Brassicales Bromhead
254 [257]. Akaniaceae Stapf, nom. cons.
255 [258]. Tropaeolaceae Juss. ex DC., nom. cons.
256 [259]. Moringaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
257 [260]. Caricaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
258 [261]. Limnanthaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
259 [262]. Setchellanthaceae Iltis
260 [263]. Koeberliniaceae Engl., nom. cons. 261 [264]. Bataceae Mart. ex Perleb, nom. cons. 262 [265]. Salvadoraceae Lindl., nom. cons.
263 [266]. Emblingiaceae Airy Shaw
264 [267]. Tovariaceae Pax, nom. cons.
265 [268]. Pentadiplandraceae Hutch. & Dalziel
266 [269]. Gyrostemonaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
267 [270]. *Resedaceae Martinov, nom. cons. (including Borthwickiaceae J.X.Su et al ., Stixidaceae Doweld as ‘Stixaceae’, Forchhammeria Liebm.)
268 [271]. *Capparaceae Juss., nom. cons.
269 [272]. Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl
270 [273]. Brassicaceae Burnett, nom. cons. (= Cruciferae Juss., nom. cons.)
SUPERASTERIDS
Berberidopsidales Doweld
271 [274]. Aextoxicaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons.
272 [275]. Berberidopsidaceae Takht.
Santalales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
273 [277]. ‘Olacaceae’ R.Br., nom. cons. [not monophyletic] (including Aptandraceae Miers, Coulaceae Tiegh., Erythropalaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons. Octoknemaceae Soler. nom. cons., Strombosiaceae Tiegh., Ximeniaceae Horan.)
274 [278]. Opiliaceae Valeton, nom. cons.
275 [276]. Balanophoraceae Rich., nom. cons.
276 [279]. ‘Santalaceae’ R.Br., nom. cons. [not monophyletic if Balanophoraceae are embedded] (including Amphorogynaceae Nickrent & Der, Cervantesiaceae Nickrent & Der, Comandraceae Nickrent & Der, Nanodeaceae Nickrent & Der, Thesiaceae Vest, Viscaceae Batsch)
277 [281]. Misodendraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
278 [282]. Schoepfiaceae Blume
279 [280]. Loranthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Caryophyllales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
280 [283]. Frankeniaceae Desv., nom. cons.
281 [284]. Tamaricaceae Link, nom. cons.
282 [285]. Plumbaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
283 [286]. Polygonaceae Juss., nom. cons.
284 [287]. Droseraceae Salisb., nom. cons.
285 [288]. Nepenthaceae Dumort, nom. cons.
286 [289]. Drosophyllaceae Chrtek et al .
287 [290]. Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw, nom. cons.
288 [291]. Ancistrocladaceae Planch. ex Walp., nom. cons.
289 [292]. Rhabdodendraceae Prance
290 [293]. Simmondsiaceae Tiegh.
291 [294]. Physenaceae Takht.
292 [295]. Asteropeiaceae Takht. ex Reveal & Hoogland
293 [—]. *Macarthuriaceae Christenh.
294 [—]. *Microteaceae Scha€ferhoff & Borsch
295 [296]. Caryophyllaceae Juss., nom. cons.
296 [297]. Achatocarpaceae Heimerl, nom. cons.
297 [298]. Amaranthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
298 [299]. Stegnospermataceae Nakai
299 [300]. *Limeaceae Shipunov ex Reveal
300 [301]. Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal
301 [—]. *Kewaceae Christenh.
302 [302]. Barbeuiaceae Nakai
303 [303]. Gisekiaceae Nakai
304 [304]. Aizoaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
305 [305]. *Phytolaccaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
306 [—]. *Petiveriaceae C.Agardh (including Rivinaceae C.Agardh)
307 [306]. Sarcobataceae Behnke
308 [307]. Nyctaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
309 [308]. *Molluginaceae Bartl., nom. cons.
310 [309]. Montiaceae Raf.
311 [310]. Didiereaceae Radlk., nom. cons.
312 [311]. Basellaceae Raf., nom. cons.
313 [312]. Halophytaceae S.Soriano
314 [313]. Talinaceae Doweld
315 [314]. Portulacaceae Juss., nom. cons.
316 [315]. Anacampserotaceae Eggli & Nyffeler
317 [316]. Cactaceae Juss., nom. cons.
ASTERIDS
Cornales Link
318 [—]. *Nyssaceae Juss. ex Dumort., nom. cons.
319 [317]. Hydrostachyaceae Engl., nom. cons.
320 [321]. Hydrangeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
321 [322]. Loasaceae Juss., nom. cons.
322 [318]. Curtisiaceae Takht.
323 [319]. Grubbiaceae Endl. ex Meisn., nom. cons.
324 [320]. Cornaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
Ericales Bercht. & J.Presl
325 [323]. Balsaminaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
326 [324]. Marcgraviaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
327 [325]. Tetrameristaceae Hutch.
328 [326]. Fouquieriaceae DC., nom. cons.
329 [327]. Polemoniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
330 [328]. Lecythidaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
331 [329]. Sladeniaceae Airy Shaw
332 [330]. Pentaphylacaceae Engl., nom. cons.
333 [331]. Sapotaceae Juss., nom. cons.
334 [332]. Ebenaceae Gu€rke, nom. cons.
335 [333]. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
336 [334]. Theaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
337 [335]. Symplocaceae Desf., nom. cons.
338 [336]. Diapensiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
339 [337]. Styracaceae DC. & Spreng., nom. cons.
340 [338]. Sarraceniaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
341 [339]. Roridulaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
342 [340]. Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm., nom. cons.
343 [341]. Clethraceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.
344 [342]. Cyrillaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
345 [344]. Ericaceae Juss., nom. cons.
346 [343]. Mitrastemonaceae Makino, nom. cons. [placement in order unclear]
†Icacinales Tiegh.
347 [345]. Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw
348 [347]. *Icacinaceae Miers, nom. cons.
†Metteniusales Takht.
349 [346]. *Metteniusaceae H.Karst. ex Schnizl.
Garryales Mart.
350 [348]. Eucommiaceae Engl., nom. cons.
351 [349]. Garryaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
352 [350]. Rubiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
353 [351]. Gentianaceae Juss., nom. cons.
354 [352]. Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart., nom. cons.
355 [353]. *Gelsemiaceae L.Struwe & V.A.Albert (including Pteleocarpaceae Brummitt)
356 [354]. Apocynaceae Juss., nom. cons.
†Boraginales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
357 [356]. Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Codonaceae Weigend & Hilger)
†Vahliales Doweld
358 [355]. Vahliaceae Dandy
Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
359 [357]. Convolvulaceae Juss., nom. cons.
360 [358]. Solanaceae Juss., nom. cons.
361 [359]. Montiniaceae Nakai, nom. cons.
362 [360]. Sphenocleaceae T.Baskerv., nom. cons.
363 [361]. Hydroleaceae R.Br.
Lamiales Bromhead
364 [362]. Plocospermataceae Hutch.
365 [363]. Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw
366 [364]. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons.
367 [365]. Tetrachondraceae Wettst.
368 [366]. Calceolariaceae Olmstead
369 [367]. *Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss., nom. cons. (note: position of Peltanthera Benth. is problematic and here considered unplaced to family)
370 [368]. Plantaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
371 [369]. Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons.
372 [370]. Stilbaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
373 [371]. Linderniaceae Borsch et al .
374 [383]. Byblidaceae Domin, nom. cons.
375 [384]. Martyniaceae Horan., nom. cons.
376 [372]. Pedaliaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
377 [378]. Acanthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
378 [379]. Bignoniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
379 [377]. Lentibulariaceae Rich., nom. cons.
380 [381]. Schlegeliaceae Reveal
381 [380]. Thomandersiaceae Sreem.
382 [382]. Verbenaceae J.St.Hil., nom. cons.
383 [373]. Lamiaceae Martinov, nom. cons. (= Labiatae Juss., nom. cons.)
384 [—]. *Mazaceae Reveal
385 [374]. *Phrymaceae Schauer, nom. cons.
386 [375]. Paulowniaceae Nakai
387 [376]. *Orobanchaceae Vent., nom. cons. (including Lindenbergiaceae Doweld, Rehmanniaceae Reveal)
Aquifoliales Senft
388 [385]. Stemonuraceae K˚arehed
389 [386]. Cardiopteridaceae Blume, nom. cons.
390 [387]. Phyllonomaceae Small
391 [388]. Helwingiaceae Decne.
392 [389]. Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
Asterales Link
393 [390]. Rousseaceae DC.
394 [391]. Campanulaceae Juss., nom. cons.
395 [392]. Pentaphragmataceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
396 [393]. Stylidiaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
397 [394]. Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw
398 [395]. Phellinaceae Takht.
399 [396]. Argophyllaceae Takht.
400 [397]. Menyanthaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
401 [398]. Goodeniaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
402 [399]. Calyceraceae R.Br. ex Rich., nom. cons.
403 [400]. Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (= Compositae Giseke, nom. cons.)
Escalloniales Link
404 [401]. Escalloniaceae R.Br. ex Dumort., nom. cons.
Bruniales Dumort.
405 [402]. Columelliaceae D.Don, nom. cons.
406 [403]. Bruniaceae R.Br. ex DC., nom. cons.
Paracryphiales Takht. ex Reveal
407 [404]. Paracryphiaceae Airy Shaw
Dipsacales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
408 [405]. Adoxaceae E.Mey., nom. cons. (= Viburnaceae Raf., nom. cons. prop.)
409 [406]. Caprifoliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Apiales Nakai
410 [407]. Pennantiaceae J.Agardh
411 [408]. Torricelliaceae Hu
412 [409]. Griseliniaceae Takht., nom. cons. prop.
413 [410]. Pittosporaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
414 [411]. Araliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
415 [412]. Myodocarpaceae Doweld
416 [413]. Apiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Umbelliferae Juss., nom. cons.)
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